Oxford Electric Bell
The Oxford Electric Bell or Clarendon Dry Pile is an experimental electric bell that was set up in 1840 and which has run nearly continuously ever since. It was "one of the first pieces" purchased for a collection of apparatus by clergyman and physicist Robert Walker.[1][2] It is located in a corridor adjacent to the foyer of the Clarendon Laboratory at the University of Oxford, England, and is still ringing, though inaudibly due to being behind two layers of glass.
Design
The experiment consists of two brass bells, each positioned beneath a dry pile (a form of battery), the pair of piles connected in series. The clapper is a metal sphere approximately 4 mm in diameter suspended between the piles, which rings the bells alternately due to electrostatic force. As the clapper touches one bell, it is charged by one pile, and then electrostatically repelled, being attracted to the other bell. On hitting the other bell, the process repeats. The use of electrostatic forces means that while high voltage is required to create motion, only a tiny amount of charge is carried from one bell to the other, which is why the piles have been able to last since the apparatus was set up. Its oscillation frequency is 2 hertz.[3]
The exact composition of the dry piles is unknown,[2] but it is known that they have been coated with molten sulphur to prevent effects from atmospheric moisture and it is thought that they may be Zamboni piles.
At one point this sort of device played an important role in distinguishing between two different theories of electrical action: the theory of contact tension (an obsolete scientific theory based on then-prevailing electrostatic principles) and the theory of chemical action.
The Oxford Electric Bell does not demonstrate perpetual motion. The bell will eventually stop when the dry piles have distributed their charges equally if the clapper does not wear out first.[4][5] The Bell has produced approximately 10 billion rings since 1840 and holds the Guinness World Record as "the world's most durable battery [delivering] ceaseless tintinnabulation".[2]
Operation
Apart from occasional short interruptions caused by high humidity, the bell has rung continuously since 1840.[6] The bell may have been constructed in 1825.[2]
See also
- Long-term experiment
- Franklin bells
- Beverly Clock (1864)
- Pitch drop experiment (1927)
References
- ^ "Walker, Robert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38098. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c d "Exhibit 1 - The Clarendon Dry Pile". Department of Physics. Oxford University. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
- ^ Oxford Electric Bell, Atlas Obscura.
- ^ The World's Longest Experiment, The Longest List of the Longest Stuff at the Longest Domain Name at Long Last.
- ^ The Latest on Long-Running Experiments, Improbable Research.
- ^ Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (1977). Perpetual Motion: The History of an Obsession. George Allen & Unwin. p. 172.
Further reading
- Willem Hackmann, "The Enigma of Volta's "Contact Tension" and the Development of the "Dry Pile"", appearing in Nuova Voltiana: Studies on Volta and His Times, nb Volume 3 (Fabio Bevilacqua; Lucio Frenonese (Editors)), 2000, pp. 103–119.
- "Exhibit 1 - The Clarendon Dry Pile". Oxford Physics Teaching, History Archive. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- Croft, A J (1984). "The Oxford electric bell". European Journal of Physics. 5 (4): 193. Bibcode:1984EJPh....5..193C. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/5/4/001.
- Croft, A J (1985). "The Oxford electric bell". European Journal of Physics. 6 (2): 128. Bibcode:1985EJPh....6..128C. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/6/2/511.