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{{short description|Family of multi-role combat aircraft}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
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{{Infobox aircraft
 |name= Tornado IDS/ECR
 |image= File:RAF Tornado GR4 MOD 45155233.jpg
 |image_caption=[[RAF]] Tornado GR4 in 2012
 |aircraft_type=[[Multirole aircraft]], [[strike aircraft]]
 |national_origin= Italy, West Germany, United Kingdom
 |manufacturer= [[Panavia Aircraft GmbH]]
 |designer=
 |first_flight=14 August 1974
 |introduction=1979
 |retired= 2019 (RAF)
 |status= In service
 |primary_user= [[German Air Force]]
 |more_users= {{ubl|[[Italian Air Force]] |[[Royal Saudi Air Force]]|[[Royal Air Force]] (historical)}}
 |produced=1979–1998
 |number_built={{ubli
  | 990:<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.panavia.de/aircraft/overview/variants|title=Variants|website=www.panavia.de}}</ref>{{ubli
   | 745, Panavia Tornado IDS
   | 194, Panavia Tornado ADV
   | {{0|0}}51, Panavia Tornado ECR
   }}
  }}
 |developed_from=
 |variants= [[Panavia Tornado ADV]]
}}

The '''Panavia Tornado''' is a family of [[twin-engine]], [[variable-sweep wing]] [[multi-role combat aircraft]], jointly developed and manufactured by Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany.{{Efn|Before the [[German reunification]], this was [[West Germany]].}} There are three primary [[#Variants|Tornado variants]]: the Tornado IDS ([[interdictor]]/[[attack aircraft|strike]]) [[fighter-bomber]], the Tornado ECR ([[electronic warfare aircraft|electronic combat]]/[[reconnaissance aircraft|reconnaissance]]) [[SEAD]] aircraft and the [[Tornado ADV]] (air defence variant) [[interceptor aircraft]].

The Tornado was developed and built by [[Panavia Aircraft GmbH]], a tri-national consortium consisting of [[British Aerospace]] (previously [[British Aircraft Corporation]]), [[Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm|MBB]]{{Efn|MBB was acquired by [[DASA]] in 1989.}} of West Germany, and [[Aeritalia]] of Italy. It first flew on 14 August 1974 and was introduced into service in 1979–1980. Due to its [[multirole]] design, it was able to replace several different fleets of aircraft in the adopting air forces. The [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] (RSAF) became the only export operator of the Tornado, in addition to the three original partner nations. A training and evaluation unit operating from [[RAF Cottesmore]], the [[Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment]], maintained a level of international co-operation beyond the production stage.

The Tornado was operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF), [[Italian Air Force]], and RSAF during the [[Gulf War]] of 1991, in which the Tornado conducted many low-altitude penetrating strike missions. The Tornados of various services were also used in the [[Bosnian War]], [[Kosovo War]], [[Iraq War]], in Libya during the [[2011 Libyan civil war]], as well as smaller roles in Afghanistan, Yemen, and [[Operation Shader|Syria]]. Including all variants, 990<ref name="auto"/> aircraft were built.

==Development==

===Origins===
[[File:AFVG (1965).jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of the [[BAC/Dassault AFVG|AFVG]], an ancestor to the MRCA programme]]{{Further|BAC/Dassault AFVG}}
During the 1960s, aeronautical designers looked to [[Variable-sweep wing|variable-geometry wing]] designs to gain the maneuverability and efficient cruise of straight wings with the speed of [[swept wing]] designs. The United Kingdom had cancelled the procurement of the [[BAC TSR-2]] tactical strike and reconnaissance aircraft in 1965 and then -in 1967 - the US [[General Dynamics F-111K]] aircraft that was supposed to fulfil the same role, and was still looking for a replacement for its [[Avro Vulcan]] strategic bomber and [[Blackburn Buccaneer]] strike aircraft.<ref name="segell124">Segell 1997, p. 124.</ref> Britain and France had initiated the [[BAC/Dassault AFVG]] (from "Anglo-French Variable Geometry") project in 1965, but this had ended with French withdrawal in 1967.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/72865521.html?dids=72865521:72865521&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+22%2C+1967&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=British-French+Work+On+New+Military+Plane+Periled+by+Cost+Fight&pqatl=google "British-French Work On New Military Plane Periled by Cost Fight."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102074414/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/72865521.html?dids=72865521:72865521&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+22,+1967&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=British-French+Work+On+New+Military+Plane+Periled+by+Cost+Fight&pqatl=google |date=2 November 2012 }} ''Wall Street Journal,'' 22 June 1967.</ref> Britain continued to develop a variable-geometry aircraft similar to the proposed AFVG, and sought new partners to achieve this.<ref name="torn birt 11">Willox 2002, p. 11.</ref> West German [[Entwicklungsring Süd|EWR]] with Boeing then with [[Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild-Hiller]] and [[Republic Aviation]] had been developing design studies of the swing-wing EWR-Fairchild-Hiller A400 AVS Advanced Vertical Strike (which has a similar configuration to the Tornado) from 1964 to 1968.<ref>{{citation |first=Mike |last=Hirschberg |url=http://www.robertcmason.com/textdocs/GermanVSTOLFighters.pdf |title=V/STOL Fighter Programs in Germany: 1956–1975 |date=1 November 2000 |access-date=24 December 2018 |page=48}} presented at 2000 International Powered Lift Conference.</ref><ref>''Flight International'' 1 June 1967, p. 896.</ref><ref>''Flight international'' 23 May 1968, p. 798.</ref>

In 1968, West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Canada formed a working group to examine replacements for the [[Lockheed F-104G Starfighter]] multi-role fighter-bomber,<ref name="104replac" /> initially called the ''Multi Role Aircraft (MRA)'', later renamed as the ''Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA)''.<ref name="jerr53">Scutts 2000, p. 53.</ref><ref>Jefford et al. 2002, p. 25.</ref> As the partner nations' requirements were so diverse, it was decided to develop a single aircraft that could perform a variety of missions that were previously undertaken by a fleet of different aircraft.<ref>Haglund 1989, pp. 47–48.</ref> Britain joined the MRCA group in 1968, represented by [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Michael Giddings]], and a memorandum of agreement was drafted between Britain, West Germany, and Italy in May 1969.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VvYeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LowEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7327,1861291&dq=multi+role+aircraft&hl=en "European Nations Plan Mammoth Military Aircraft."] ''Sarasota Journal,'' 14 January 1969. p. 9 via Google News</ref>

By the end of 1968, the prospective purchases from the six countries amounted to 1,500 aircraft.<ref name= 'jef 28'>Jefford et al. 2002, p. 28.</ref> Canada and Belgium had departed before any long-term commitments had been made to the programme;<ref name= 'haglund 48'>Haglund 1989, p. 48.</ref> Canada had found the project politically unpalatable; there was a perception in political circles that much of the manufacturing and specifications were focused on Western Europe. France had made a favourable offer to Belgium on the [[Dassault Mirage 5]].<ref name= 'haglund 48'/>

===Panavia Aircraft GmbH===
{{main|Panavia Aircraft GmbH}}

On 26 March 1969, four partner nations&nbsp;– United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, agreed to form a multinational company, Panavia Aircraft GmbH, to develop and manufacture the MRCA.<ref name='segell124'/><ref name= '104replac'>Morris, Joe Alex Jr. "Messerschmitt Back in Business." ''St. Petersburg Times,'' 30 April 1969.</ref> The project's aim was to produce an aircraft capable of undertaking missions in the tactical strike, reconnaissance, air defence, and maritime roles.<ref name='segell124'/><ref name= '104replac'/> Various concepts, including alternative fixed-wing and single-engine designs, were studied while defining the aircraft.<ref name= 'jef 26'>Jefford et al. 2002, p. 26.</ref> The Netherlands pulled out of the project in 1970, citing that the aircraft was too complicated and technical for the [[RNLAF]]'s preferences,<ref name='segell124'/> which had sought a simpler aircraft with outstanding manoeuvrability.<ref name= 'haglund 49'>Haglund 1989, p. 49.</ref> An additional blow was struck when the German requirement reduced from an initial 600 aircraft to 324 in 1972.<ref name= 'jef 28-9'>Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 28–29.</ref> It has been suggested that Germany deliberately placed an unrealistically high initial order to secure the company headquarters and initial test flight in Germany rather than the UK, to have a bigger design influence.<ref>{{cite book
 |last1= Black |first1= Ian
 |title= RAF Tornado 1974 onwards (all marks and models)
 |location= Yeovil
 |publisher= [[Haynes Publishing]]
 |page= 16
 |date= July 2014
 |isbn= 978-0-85733-247-9}}</ref>

[[File:RAF Tornado F2.JPEG|thumb|Formation take-off of an RAF Tornado GR.1 and a Tornado F.2 prototype in September 1982]]
When the agreement was finalised, the United Kingdom and West Germany each had a 42.5% stake of the workload, with the remaining 15% going to Italy; this division of the production work was heavily influenced by international political bargaining.<ref name= 'haglund 52+56'>Haglund 1989, pp. 52, 56.</ref> The front fuselage and tail assembly was assigned to [[British Aircraft Corporation|BAC]] (now [[BAE Systems]]) in the United Kingdom; the centre fuselage to [[Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm|MBB]] (now part of [[Airbus]]) in West Germany; and the wings to [[Aeritalia]] (now [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo]]) in Italy.<ref name='segell125'>Segell 1997, p. 125.</ref> Similarly, tri-national worksharing was used for engines and equipment. A separate multinational company, [[Turbo-Union]], was formed in June 1970 to develop and build the [[RB199]] engines for the aircraft, with ownership split 40% [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]], 40% [[MTU Aero Engines|MTU]], and 20% [[FIAT]].<ref name='segell124'/><ref name= 'Wellington'>Long, Wellington. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BmAvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2dwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5323,4133149&dq=tornado+bomber&hl=en "Swing-Wing Wonder Weapon Is Going Into Production."] ''Ludington Daily News,''24 August 1976.</ref>

At the conclusion of the project definition phase in May 1970, the concepts were reduced to two designs; a single seat Panavia 100 which West Germany initially preferred, and the twin-seat Panavia 200 which the RAF preferred.<ref name= 'Wellington'/> The aircraft was briefly called the ''Panavia Panther'', and the project soon coalesced towards the two-seat option.<ref>Dorrell, David, ed. "Britain's Aircraft Industry enters the 1970s." ''Air Pictorial,'' Volume 32, No. 9, September 1970, p. 306.</ref> In September 1971, the three governments signed an Intention to Proceed (ITP) document, at which point the aircraft was intended solely for the low-level strike mission, where it was viewed as a viable threat to Soviet defences in that role.<ref>Lewis, Paul. [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E12FC385D11728DDDAA0994D9415B898BF1D3 "Europe's Fighter Jet Program: Tornado Offers Competition for U.S. Concerns Project Valued at $17&nbsp;billion."] ''The New York Times,'' 13 November 1979. Retrieved 13 November 1979.</ref> It was at this point that Britain's Chief of the Defence Staff announced, "two-thirds of the fighting front line will be composed of this single, basic aircraft type".<ref name='segell125'/>

===Prototypes and testing===
The first of fifteen development aircraft (nine prototypes, P01 to P09, and six pre-series, PS11 to PS 16) flew on 14 August 1974 at [[Manching]], Germany; the pilot, Paul Millett described his experience: "Aircraft handling was delightful... the actual flight went so smoothly that I did begin to wonder whether this was not yet another simulation".<ref>Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 89–90.</ref> Flight testing led to the need for minor modifications. Airflow disturbances were corrected by re-profiling the [[Intake|engine intakes]] and the fuselage to minimise [[Compressor stall|surging]] and [[buffeting]] at supersonic speeds.<ref>Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 91–92, 95–96.</ref>

According to Jim Quinn, programmer of the Tornado development simulation software and engineer on the Tornado engine and engine controls, the prototype was safely capable of reaching [[supercruise]], but the engines had severe safety issues at high altitude while trying to decelerate. At high altitude and low turbine speed the compressor did not provide enough pressure to hold back the combustion pressure and would result in a violent vibration as the combustion pressure backfired into the intake. To avoid this effect the engine controls would automatically increase the minimum idle setting as altitude increased, until at very high altitudes the idle setting was so high, however, that it was close to maximum dry thrust. This resulted in one of the test aircraft being stuck in a mach 1.2 supercruise at high altitude and having to reduce speed by turning the aircraft, because the idle setting at that altitude was so high that the aircraft could not decelerate.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jim |last=Quinn |title=The White Tornado |chapter=2, Tornado Concept Evolution}}</ref>

[[File:Panavia Tornado GR1, UK - Air Force AN1390711.jpg|thumb|right|Third Tornado prototype P.03 (''XX947'') at [[Farnborough Airport|RAE Farnborough]], August 1980]]
The British [[Ministry of Supply]] assigned Chief Engineer Ted Talbot from the Concorde development team to provide intake design assistance to the Tornado development team in order to overcome these issues, which they hesitantly agreed to after noting that the Concorde intake data had apparently already been leaked to the Soviet Union. The German engineers working on the Tornado intake were unable to produce a functional Concorde style intake despite having data from the Concorde team. To make the problem worse, their management team incorrectly filed a patent on the Concorde design, and then tried to sue the British engineers who had provided the design to them. The German lawyers realised that the British had provided the designs to the German team, and requested further information to help their engineers overcome the problems with the Tornado intake, but Chief Engineer Talbot refused. According to Talbot, the Concorde engineers had determined the issue with the Tornado intake was that the engine did not respond to unexpected changes in the intake position, and therefore the engine was running at the wrong setting for a given position of the intake ramps. This was because the Concorde had similar issues due to control pressure not being high enough to maintain proper angles of the intake ramps. Aerodynamic forces could force the intakes into the improper position, and so they should have the ability to control the engines if this occurs. The Tornado intake system did not allow for this. Due to the behaviour of the German management team, the British engineers declined to share this information, and so the Tornado was not equipped with the more advanced intake design of the Concorde.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ted |last=Talbot |title=Concorde: A Designer's Life: The Journey to Mach 2 |chapter=17 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuUTDQAAQBAJ |publisher=History Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0752489285}}</ref>

Testing revealed that a nose-wheel steering augmentation system, connecting with the [[yaw damper]], was necessary to counteract the destabilising effect produced by deploying the [[thrust reverser]] during the landing roll.<ref>Burger, Κ.Η. "In-Flight Short Field Landing Investigations on a Combat Aircraft with Thrust Reverser." ''International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines''. 3, (2–3), pp. 99–104, ISSN 2191-0332.</ref>

From 1967 until 1984 Soviet [[KGB]] agents were provided details on the Tornado by the head of the West German [[Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm]] Planning department, Manfred Rotsch.<ref>''Spooked: Espionage in Corporate America'' by Adam Penenberg, Marc Barry. p. 9</ref><ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/10/24/A-top-West-German-aerospace-engineer-arrested-on-spying/1046467438400/ "A top West German aerospace engineer arrested on spying..."]. ''[[United Press International]]'', 24 October 1984. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</ref>

Two prototypes were lost in accidents, both of which had been primarily caused by poor piloting decisions and errors leading to two ground collision incidents;<ref>Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 98, 127.</ref> a third Tornado prototype was seriously damaged by an incident involving [[Pilot-induced oscillation|pilot-induced pitch oscillation]].<ref>Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 94–95, 98.</ref> During the type's development, aircraft designers of the era were beginning to incorporate features such as more sophisticated stability augmentation systems and autopilots. Aircraft such as the Tornado and the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] made use of these new technologies.<ref>Pratt 2000, pp. 10–11.</ref> Failure testing of the Tornado's triplex [[analogue electronics|analogue]] command and stability augmentation system (CSAS) was conducted on a series of realistic flight control rigs; the variable-sweep wings in combination with varying, and frequently very heavy, payloads complicated the clearance process.<ref>Pratt 2000, pp. 199, 236.</ref>

===Production===
[[File:F-15C Tornado IDS DFST8901717.JPEG|thumb|A USAF [[F-15C]] flanked by Luftwaffe (bottom) and RAF (top) Tornados in 1987]]

The contract for the Batch 1 aircraft was signed on 29 July 1976.<ref name= 'Wellington'/> The first flight of a production aircraft was on 10 July 1979 by ZA319 at BAe Warton.<ref name="firstprdctn"/> The first aircraft were delivered to the RAF and [[German Air Force]] on 5 and 6 June 1979 respectively.<ref>Middleton, Drew. [https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/23/archives/west-germany-is-modernizing-military-forces-military-analysis.html "Military Analysis: West Germany Is Modernizing Military Forces."] ''The New York Times,'' 23 September 1979. Retrieved 23 September 1979.</ref> The first Italian Tornado was delivered on 25 September 1981. On 29 January 1981, the [[Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment]] (TTTE) officially opened at [[RAF Cottesmore]], remaining active in training pilots from all operating nations until 31 March 1999.<ref>Parsons, Gary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040718075035/http://www.airsceneuk.org.uk/hangar/1999/TTTE/ttte.htm "TTTEnd of an era."] ''airsceneuk.org.uk''. Retrieved 19 January 2011.</ref> The 500th Tornado to be produced was delivered to West Germany on 19 December 1987.<ref>Taylor 1987, p. 58.</ref>

Export customers were sought after West Germany withdrew its objections to exporting the aircraft; [[Saudi Arabia]] was the only export customer of the Tornado.<ref>Michael. "Saudi Arabia considers Tornado fighter deal." ''Financial Times,'' 11 July 1984, p. 6.</ref> The agreement to purchase the Tornado was part of the [[Al-Yamamah arms deal]] between British Aerospace and the Saudi government.<ref>Hoon, Geoff. [https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2004-05-25.171750.h "Al Yamamah Contracts."] ''Hansard'', 25 May 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2011.</ref><ref>Hirst, C. [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php "The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922154928/http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php |date=22 September 2008 }} ''Financial Times'', 9 July 1988.</ref> [[Oman]] had committed to purchasing eight Tornado F2s and the equipment to operate them for a total value of £250&nbsp;million in August 1985,<ref name="saudi">{{cite web |first=Jon |last=Lake |url=https://www.key.aero/article/saudi-arabias-tornado-ids-and-adv-variants-desert-kingdom-warriors |title=Saudi Arabia’s Tornado IDS and ADV variants – desert kingdom warriors |website=key.aero |date=20 August 2023 |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref><ref>Allen and Rigsbee 2000, p. 78.</ref> but cancelled the order in 1990 due to financial difficulties.<ref>Allen and Rigsbee 2000, p. 78.</ref>

During the 1970s, Australia considered joining the MRCA programme to find a replacement for their ageing [[Dassault Mirage III]]s; ultimately the [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]] was selected to meet the requirement.<ref>Ball 1979, p. 19.</ref> Canada similarly opted for the F/A-18 after considering the Tornado.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1978/1978%20-%202197.html?search=panavia "Tornado on Canadian fighter shortlist."] ''Flight International,'' 1978. p. 1153.</ref> Japan considered the Tornado in the 1980s, along with the F-16 and F/A-18, before selecting the [[Mitsubishi F-2]].<ref>Lorell 1996, pp. 108, 121.</ref> In the 1990s, both [[Taiwan]] and [[South Korea]] expressed interest in acquiring a small number of Tornado ECR aircraft.<ref>Martin 1996, p. 253.</ref><ref>Harrison, Michael and Raymond Whitaker. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/s-korea-lines-up-pounds-360m-tornado-order-bae-and-partners-would-benefit-from-new-arms-policy-less-dependent-on-us-1494402.html "S Korea lines up pounds 360m Tornado order: BAe and partners would benefit from new arms policy less dependent on US."] ''The Independent,'' 28 June 1993.</ref> In 2001, [[EADS]] proposed a Tornado ECR variant with a greater [[electronic warfare]] capability for Australia.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/australian-international-airshow-wild-weasel-air-defence-upgrade-offered-to-126343 "Australian International Airshow&nbsp;– Wild Weasel air defence upgrade offered to RAAF."] ''Flight International,'' 20 February 2001.</ref>

Production came to an end in 1998; the last batch of aircraft produced going to the Royal Saudi Air Force, who had ordered a total of 96 IDS Tornados.<ref name=Janes_241/> In June 2011, it was announced that the Tornado fleet had flown collectively over one million flying hours.<ref>[http://www.defenceiq.com/air-forces-and-military-aircraft/articles/royal-air-force-continues-libya-operations-in-face/ "Royal Air Force Continues Libya Operations in Face of Force Structure Challenges."] ''defenceiq.com,'' 25 July 2011.</ref><ref>Bristol, Chris. [http://www.wattonandswaffhamtimes.co.uk/news/tornado_jets_that_fly_from_raf_marham_in_norfolk_clock_up_a_million_flying_hours_1_944231 "Tornado jets that fly from RAF Marham in Norfolk clock up a million flying hours."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324104647/http://www.wattonandswaffhamtimes.co.uk/news/tornado_jets_that_fly_from_raf_marham_in_norfolk_clock_up_a_million_flying_hours_1_944231 |date=24 March 2012 }} ''Watton and Swaffham Times,'' 27 June 2011.</ref> Aviation author Jon Lake noted that "The Trinational Panavia Consortium produced just short of 1,000 Tornados, making it one of the most successful postwar bomber programs".<ref>Lake 2002, pp. 446, 455.</ref> In 2008, ''AirForces Monthly'' said of the Tornado: "For more than a quarter of a century&nbsp;... the most important military aircraft in Western Europe."<ref name="afmimportance">Martin, Guy. "All The World's Tornados." ''AirForces Monthly,'' October 2008, p. 56.</ref>

==Design==

===Overview===
[[File:US Navy 030617-N-4374S-016 A German fighter jet Panavia Tornado GR.Mk 1, flies over the Aegis class, guided missile cruiser USS Vella Gulf (CG 72) during the annual maritime exercise Baltic Operations 2003 (BALTOPS).jpg|thumb|right|Flyover of a German Navy Tornado during a training exercise in 2003]]

The Panavia Tornado is a multirole, twin-engined aircraft designed to excel at low-level penetration of enemy defences. The mission envisaged during the [[Cold War]] was the delivery of conventional and [[nuclear ordnance]] on the invading forces of the [[Warsaw Pact]] countries of Eastern Europe; this dictated several significant features of the design. Variable wing geometry allowed for minimal drag during the low-level dash towards a well-prepared enemy. Advanced navigation and flight computers, including the then-innovative [[fly-by-wire]] system, greatly reduced the workload of the pilot during low-level flight and eased control of the aircraft.<ref>Scutts 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref><ref name= 'Frédriksen 255'/> For long range missions, the Tornado has a retractable [[Probe and drogue|refuelling probe]].<ref>Jefford et al. 2002, p. 136.</ref>

As a multirole aircraft, the Tornado is capable of undertaking more mission profiles than the anticipated strike mission; various operators replaced multiple aircraft types with the Tornado as a common type&nbsp;– the use of dedicated single role aircraft for specialist purposes such as battlefield reconnaissance, maritime patrol duties, or dedicated electronic countermeasures (ECM) were phased out&nbsp;– either by standard Tornados or modified variants, such as the Tornado ECR. The most extensive modification from the base Tornado design was the Tornado ADV, which was stretched and armed with long range anti-aircraft missiles to serve in the interceptor role.<ref name='eagles 88-91'/>

Tornado operators have undertaken various life extension and upgrade programmes to keep their Tornado fleets as viable frontline aircraft. With these upgrades it is projected that the Tornado shall be in service until 2025, more than 50 years after the first prototype took flight.<ref name="AIjun07 p29"/>{{update inline|date=May 2020}}

===Variable-sweep wing===
{{further|variable-sweep wing}}
[[File:RIAS 2014 Tornado 01.jpg|thumb|Deployed swing wings]]

In order for the Tornado to perform well as a low-level supersonic strike aircraft, it was considered necessary for it to possess good high-speed and low-speed flight characteristics. To achieve high-speed performance, a [[swept wing|swept]] or [[delta wing|delta]] wing is typically adopted, but these wing designs are inefficient at low speeds. To operate at both high and low speeds with great effectiveness, the Tornado uses a variable-sweep wing.<ref name= 'jerr53'/> This approach had been adopted by earlier aircraft, such as the American [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat]], which is the most similar in mission flexibility.{{cn|date=February 2023}}  The swing-wing was also used by the older American [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark]] strike fighter, and the Soviet [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23]] fighter. The smaller Tornado has many similarities with the F-111, however the Tornado differs in being a multi-role aircraft with more advanced onboard systems and avionics.<ref>Spick, Green and Swanborough 2001, p. 33.</ref>

The level of [[wing sweep]] (i.e. the angle of the wings in relation to the fuselage) can be altered in flight at the pilot's control. The variable wing can adopt any sweep angle between 25 degrees and 67 degrees, with a corresponding speed range for each angle. Some Tornado ADVs were outfitted with an automatic wing-sweep system to reduce pilot workload.<ref>Aeroguide 21 1988, p. 6.</ref> When the wings are swept back, the exposed [[wing loading|wing area]] is lowered and [[wave drag|drag]] is significantly decreased, which is conducive to performing high-speed low-level flight.<ref name= 'jerr53'/> The weapons pylons pivot with the angle of the variable-sweep wings so that the stores point in the direction of flight and do not hinder any wing positions.<ref name= 'jerr54'>Scutts 2000, p. 54.</ref><ref>Richardson 1986, p. 18.</ref>

In development, significant attention was given to the Tornado's short-field take-off and landing ([[STOL]]) performance. Germany, in particular, encouraged this design aspect.<ref>Lake 2002, p. 446.</ref> For shorter take-off and landing distances, the Tornado can sweep its wings forwards to the 25-degree position, and deploy its full-span [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]] and [[leading edge slats]] to allow the aircraft to fly at lower speeds.<ref>Aeroguide 21 1988, pp. 2, 8.</ref> These features, in combination with the [[thrust reverser]]-equipped engines, give the Tornado excellent low-speed handling and landing characteristics.<ref>Aeroguide 21 1988, p. 2.</ref>

===Avionics===
[[File:Tornado GR.4 Forward Cockpit.jpg|thumb|upright|Forward cockpit of an RAF Tornado GR.4]]
[[File:Tornado GR.4 Aft Cockpit.jpg|thumb|Aft cockpit of an RAF Tornado GR.4]]

The Tornado features a [[tandem-seat]] cockpit, crewed by a pilot and a [[navigator|navigator/weapons officer]]; both [[electromechanical]] and [[electro-optical]] controls are used to fly the aircraft and manage its systems.<ref>Jukes 2004, p. 48.</ref> An array of dials and switches are mounted on either side of a centrally placed [[CRT monitor]], controlling the navigational, communications, and weapons-control computers.<ref>Jarrett 2005, pp. 3–4.</ref> BAE Systems developed the Tornado Advanced Radar Display Information System (TARDIS), a {{convert|12.8|in|cm|sigfig=3|adj=on|order=flip}} [[multi-function display]], to replace the rear cockpit's Combined Radar and Projected Map Display; the RAF began installing TARDIS on the GR4 fleet in 2004.<ref>[http://baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2004/press_09022004.html "BAE SYSTEMS Receives $70 Million Contract For Radar Map Display Subsystem On U.K. Tornado Aircraft."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508141701/http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2004/press_09022004.html |date=8 May 2011 }} ''BAE Systems,'' 9 February 2004.</ref>

The primary flight controls of the Tornado are a [[fly-by-wire]] hybrid, consisting of an analogue [[wikt:quadruplex|quadruplex]] Command and Stability Augmentation System (CSAS) connected to a digital Autopilot & Flight Director System (AFDS).<ref>Moir and Seabridge 2011, pp. 2, 23.</ref> In addition a level of mechanical reversion capacity was retained to safeguard against potential failure.<ref>Moir and Seabridge 2011, pp. 2, 22.</ref> To enhance pilot awareness, [[Aircraft flight control system#Artificial feel devices|artificial feel]] was built into the flight controls, such as the centrally located [[Joystick#Aviation|stick]]. Because the Tornado's variable wings enable the aircraft to drastically alter its flight envelope, the artificial responses adjust automatically to wing profile changes and other changes to flight attitude.<ref>Moir and Seabridge 2011, p. 17.</ref> As a large variety of munitions and stores can be outfitted, the resulting changes to the aircraft's flight dynamics are routinely compensated for by the flight stability system.<ref>Pratt 2000, p. 236.</ref>

[[File:Luftwaffe GR-4 Tornado undergoing maintenance during Cooperative Cope Thunder 2004.JPEG|thumb|left|A German Air Force Tornado ECR undergoing maintenance in July 2004]]
The Tornado incorporates a combined navigation/attack [[Doppler radar]] that simultaneously scans for targets and conducts fully automated [[terrain-following]] for low-level flight operations. Being able to conduct all-weather hands-off low-level flight was considered one of the core advantages of the Tornado.<ref>Ministry of Defence 2006, p. 18.</ref> The Tornado ADV had a different radar system to other variants, designated [[AI.24 Foxhunter]], as it is designed for [[air defence]] operations. It was capable of tracking up to 20 targets at ranges of up to {{convert|100|mi|km|sigfig=2|order=flip}}.<ref name= 'Frédriksen 255'/> The Tornado was one of the earliest aircraft to be fitted with a [[Bus (computing)|digital data bus]] for data transmission. A Link 16 JTIDS integration on the F3 variant enabled the exchange of radar and other sensory information with nearby friendly aircraft.<ref>Moir and Seabridge 2011, pp. 447–448.</ref>

Some Tornado variants carry different avionics and equipment, depending on their mission. The Tornado ECR operated by Germany and Italy is devoted to [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defences]] (SEAD) missions. The Tornado ECR is equipped with an emitter-locator system (ELS) to detect radar use.<ref name=janes_237>Jackson et al. 1998, p. 237.</ref> German ECRs have a [[Honeywell]] infrared imaging system for reconnaissance flights.<ref>Jackson et al. 1998, pp. 240–241.</ref> RAF and RSAF Tornados have the [[Laser]] Range Finder and Marked Target Seekers (LRMTS) for targeting [[laser-guided]] munitions.<ref>Whitaker, Richard. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202686.html "Ferranti Mission Managers."] ''Flight International,'' 15 August 1981, p. 506.</ref> In 1991, the RAF introduced TIALD, allowing Tornado GR1s to [[target designation|laser-designate]] their own targets.<ref>Richardson 1991, p. 27.</ref>

The GR1A and GR4A reconnaissance variants were equipped with TIRRS (Tornado Infrared Reconnaissance System), consisting of one SLIR (Sideways Looking Infra Red) sensor on each side of the fuselage forward of the engine intakes to capture oblique images, and a single IRLS ([[infrared linescan|InfrarRed LineScan]]) sensor mounted on the fuselage's underside to provide vertical images.<ref>[http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/Tornado-Infra-Red-Reconnaissance-System-TIRRS-United-Kingdom.html "Tornado Infra-Red Reconnaissance System (TIRRS) (United Kingdom), Airborne electro-optic (EO) systems."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509203815/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/Tornado-Infra-Red-Reconnaissance-System-TIRRS-United-Kingdom.html |date=9 May 2012 }} ''Jane's Avionics,'' 23 March 2009.</ref> TIRRS recorded images on six [[S-VHS]] [[video tape]]s.<ref name="evans p97-9">Evans 1999, pp. 97–99.</ref> The newer [[RAPTOR]] reconnaissance pod replaced the built-in TIRRS system.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/raptor.cfm RAPTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123181502/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/raptor.cfm |date=23 November 2011 }}. ''Royal Air Force'', Retrieved: 29 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://articles.janes.com/articles/International-Defence-Review-97/UK-UPGRADES-AIRBORNE-RECONNAISSANCE.html "UK Upgrades Airborne Reconnaissance."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509203818/http://articles.janes.com/articles/International-Defence-Review-97/UK-UPGRADES-AIRBORNE-RECONNAISSANCE.html |date=9 May 2012 }} ''Jane's International Defence Review,'' 1 June 1997.</ref>

===Armament and equipment===
[[File:Tornado 44+96 at Jagel pic5.JPG|thumb|German Air Force Tornado ''44+96'', electronic warfare pod]]
The Tornado is cleared to carry the majority of air-launched weapons in the [[NATO]] inventory, including various [[Gravity bomb|unguided]] and [[laser-guided bomb]]s, [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] and [[anti-radiation missile]]s, as well as specialised weapons such as [[anti-personnel mine]]s and [[anti-runway]] munitions.<ref name="evans pp66-8"/><ref name="Corde_298"/><ref name=granby_raf>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/gulf/raf_ac.html#torngr1 "RAF Tornado Aircraft Deployments in Operation Granby."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027033641/http://www.raf.mod.uk/gulf/raf_ac.html#torngr1 |date=27 October 2008 }} ''Royal Air Force''. Retrieved: 27 October 2006.</ref> To improve survivability in combat, the Tornado is equipped with onboard countermeasures, ranging from [[flare (countermeasure)|flare]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] dispensers to electronic countermeasure pods that can be mounted under the wings.<ref name=RAFGR4/> Underwing fuel tanks and a [[buddy store]] [[aerial refuelling]] system that allows one Tornado to refuel another are available to extend the aircraft's range.<ref name=lame>Laming 1996, p. 97.</ref>

[[File:Tornado ECR JaBoG 32 1997.JPEG|thumb|German Air Force Tornado ECR ''46+26'', queuing to be refuelled by a [[USAF]] [[KC-135 Stratotanker]] in September 1997]]
In the decades since the Tornado's introduction, all of the Tornado operators have undertaken various upgrade and modification programmes to allow new weapons to be used by their squadrons. Amongst the armaments that the Tornado has been adapted to deploy are the [[Enhanced Paveway]] and [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] bombs, and modern [[cruise missiles]] such as the [[KEPD 350|Taurus]] and [[Storm Shadow]] missiles. These upgrades have increased the Tornado's capabilities and combat accuracy.<ref name=Corde_298>Cordesman 2003, p. 298.</ref><ref name=fi_assta2/><ref name=defpro_jdam/> Precision weapons such as cruise missiles have replaced older munitions such as [[cluster bomb]]s.<ref>Norton-Taylor, Richard. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/sep/26/brimstone-missile-video-afghanistan-raf "RAF unveils Brimstone precision strike missile."] ''The Guardian,'' 26 September 2009.</ref>

Strike variants have a limited air-to-air capability with [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] or [[AIM-132 ASRAAM]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (AAMs). The Tornado ADV was outfitted with [[beyond visual range]] AAMs such as the [[Skyflash]] and [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] missiles.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6712/is_26_217/ai_n28996410/ "Britain Deploying ASRAAM-Equipped Tornado Fighters To Middle East."] ''Defense Daily,'' 10 February 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%200336.html "World Missile Forces."] ''Flight International,'' 8 February 1986, p. 46.</ref> The Tornado is armed with two {{convert|27|mm|abbr=on|3}} [[Mauser BK-27]] [[revolver cannon]] internally mounted underneath the fuselage; the Tornado ADV was only armed with one cannon.<ref name='eagles 88-91'/> When the RAF GR1 aircraft were converted to GR4, the FLIR sensor replaced the left hand cannon, leaving only one;<ref name="AIAp08 p25">Lake ''Air International'' April 2008, p. 25.</ref> the GR1A reconnaissance variant gave up both its guns to make space for the sideways looking infra-red sensors.<ref name="evans p98-9"/> The Mauser BK-27 was developed specifically for the Tornado, but has since been used on several other European fighters, such as the [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet]], [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]], and [[Eurofighter Typhoon]].<ref name="JAH">[http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Ammunition-Handbook/27-x-145-B-ammunition-Switzerland.html "27 x 145 B ammunition (Switzerland), Cannon&nbsp;– 20 to 30 mm cannon."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509203950/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Ammunition-Handbook/27-x-145-B-ammunition-Switzerland.html |date=9 May 2012 }} [[Jane's Information Group]], 27 October 2011.</ref>

The Tornado is capable of delivering air-launched [[nuclear weapon]]s. In 1979, Britain considered replacing its [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] submarines with either the [[Trident missile|Trident]] submarines or the Tornado as the main bearer of its [[nuclear deterrent]].<ref>Middleton, Drew. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RMoTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E-IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3301,6796683&dq=tornado+bomber&hl=en "Europe worried about nuclear defence arsena."] ''Eugene Register-Guard,'' 11 October 1979.</ref> Although the UK proceeded with Trident, several Tornado squadrons based in Germany were assigned to [[SACEUR]] to deter a major Soviet offensive with both conventional and nuclear weapons, namely the [[WE.177]] nuclear bomb, which was retired in 1998.<ref>Burnell, Brian. [http://nuclear-weapons.info/images/1984.PNG "Weapon detail and No.15 Squadron data for 1984."] ''nuclear-weapons.info''. Retrieved 19 January 2011.</ref><ref name="strategicdefencereview">[http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/65F3D7AC-4340-4119-93A2-20825848E50E/0/sdr1998_complete.pdf "Strategic Defence Review 1998: Full Report."] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121026065214/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/65F3D7AC-4340-4119-93A2-20825848E50E/0/sdr1998_complete.pdf |date=26 October 2012 }} ''Ministry of Defence'', 1998, p. 24.</ref> German and Italian Tornados are capable of delivering US [[B61 nuclear bomb]]s, which are made available through NATO.<ref>Chalmers, Malcolm [http://www.rusi.org/analysis/commentary/ref:C4B9A677D2E3B6/ "Not with a bang but a whimper: Europe's pending denuclearisation."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125121430/http://www.rusi.org/analysis/commentary/ref%3AC4B9A677D2E3B6/ |date=25 January 2012 }} ''rusi.org.'' 8 March 2010.</ref>

===Engine===
{{main|Turbo-Union RB199}}

Britain considered the selection of [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] to develop the advanced engine for the MRCA to be essential, and was strongly opposed to adopting an engine from an American manufacturer, to the point where the UK might have withdrawn over the issue.<ref>Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 26, 50.</ref> In September 1969, Rolls-Royce's [[RB199]] engine was selected to power the MRCA. One advantage over the US competition was that a [[technology transfer]] between the partner nations had been agreed; the engine was to be developed and manufactured by a joint company, [[Turbo-Union]].<ref name= 'jef 50'>Jefford et al. 2002, p. 50.</ref> The programme was delayed by Rolls-Royce's entry into receivership in 1971. however the nature of the multinational collaboration process helped avoid major disruption of the Tornado programme.<ref name= 'jef 51'>Jefford et al. 2002, p. 51.</ref> Research from the [[supersonic airliner]] [[Concorde]] contributed to the development and final design of the RB199 and of the engine control units.<ref>Moir and Seabridge 2011, pp. 65–66.</ref>

[[File:RB199 Cosford.JPG|thumb|left|RB199 on static display at the [[Royal Air Force Museum Cosford]]]]
To operate efficiently across a wide range of conditions and speeds up to Mach 2, the RB199 and several other engines make use of [[intake ramp|variable intake ramp]]s to control the air flow.<ref>Moir and Seabridge 2011, p. 58.</ref> The hydraulic system is pressurised by syphoning power from both or either operational engine; the hydraulics are completely contained within the airframe rather than integrating with the engine to improve safety and maintainability.<ref>Moir and Seabridge 2011, p. 162.</ref> In case of double-engine, or double-generator, failure, the Tornado has a single-use battery capable of operating the fuel pump and hydraulics for up to 13 minutes.<ref>Moir and Seabridge 2011, p. 306.</ref>

Relatively rarely among fighter aircraft, the RB199 is fitted with [[thrust reverser]]s to decrease the distance required to land safely.<ref name= 'Frédriksen 255'/><ref>[http://www.turbounion.co.uk/index.php?page=technology.html "Turbo-Union: Engine Description."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320041655/http://www.turbounion.co.uk/index.php?page=technology.html |date=20 March 2012 }} ''turbounion.co.uk.'' Retrieved: 29 November 2011.</ref> To fully deploy the thrust reverser during landings, the [[yaw damper]] is connected to the steering of the nosewheel to provide greater stability.<ref>Jefford et al. 2002, p. 95.</ref>

In August 1974, the first RB199 powered flight of a prototype Tornado occurred and the engine completed its qualification tests in late 1978.<ref>[http://www.turbounion.co.uk/index.php?page=programme.html "Turbo-Union: Programme Milestones Achieved."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320041700/http://www.turbounion.co.uk/index.php?page=programme.html |date=20 March 2012 }} ''turbounion.co.uk,'' Retrieved: 29 November 2011.</ref> The final production standard engine met both reliability and performance standards, though the development cost had been higher than predicted, in part due to the ambitious performance requirements.<ref>Jefford et al. 2002, pp. 54–55.</ref> At the time of the Tornado's introduction to service, the [[turbine blades]] of the engine suffered from a shorter life span than desired, which was rectified by the implementation of design revisions upon early-production engines.<ref name= 'jef 54'>Jefford et al. 2002, p. 54.</ref> Several uprated engines were developed and used on both the majority of Tornado ADVs and Germany's Tornado ECRs.<ref name= 'jef 55'>Jefford et al. 2002, p. 55.</ref><ref name= 'turbounion'/> The DECU (''Digital Engine Control Unit'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diehl.com/de/diehl-aerosystems/aircraft-systems/flight-engine-control.html |title=Diehl Aerosystems – Flight Engine Control |publisher=Diehl |access-date=31 January 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109141158/http://www.diehl.com/de/diehl-aerosystems/aircraft-systems/flight-engine-control.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the current engine control unit for RB199 engines superseding the analogue MECU (''Main Engine Control Unit'') also known as CUE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maa.tools.mod.uk/linkedfiles/regulation/Formats/750%28HR7%29%28Tornado%29_enabled.pdf |title=RB 199 Performance Data: Mk 103 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210431/http://maa.tools.mod.uk/linkedfiles/regulation/Formats/750(HR7)(Tornado)_enabled.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

[[File:RAF Tornado GR4 MOD 45155235.jpg|thumb|RAF GR4 of [[No. 9 Squadron RAF|No. 9 Squadron]] shows off a payload including Paveway, [[Brimstone (missile)|Brimstone]] and [[Litening|Litening pod]].]]

===Upgrades===
Being designed for low-level operations, the Tornado required modification to perform in medium level operations that the RAF adopted in the 1990s.<ref>Tornado GR4: An Overview ''AirForces Monthly'' March 2002 pp. 26–27</ref> The RAF's GR1 fleet was extensively re-manufactured as {{Anchor|Tornado GR4|GR4}}Tornado GR4s. Upgrades on Tornado GR4s included a [[forward looking infrared]], a wide-angle HUD ([[head-up display]]), improved [[cockpit]] displays, NVG ([[night vision device]]s) capabilities, new [[avionics]], and a [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) receiver. The upgrade eased the integration of new weapons and sensors which were purchased in parallel, including the [[Storm Shadow]] [[cruise missile]], the Brimstone anti-tank missile, [[GBU-24 Paveway III|Paveway III]] laser-guided bombs and the [[RAPTOR]] reconnaissance pod.<ref name=BAE_GR4_up>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2001/press_17102001.html "BAE SYSTEMS delivers 100th mid-life upgrade Tornado GR4."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918200534/http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2001/press_17102001.html |date=18 September 2008 }} ''BAE Systems,'' 17 October 2001.</ref><ref name=RAFGR4>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/tornado.cfm "Tornado GR4/GR4A."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405155551/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/tornado.cfm |date=5 April 2011 }} ''Royal Air Force''. Retrieved: 29 November 2011.</ref><ref name="WAPJ30 p119-0">Lake ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 30, pp. 119–120.</ref> The first flight of a Tornado GR4 was on 4 April 1997. The RAF accepted its first delivery on 31 October 1997 and deliveries were completed in 2003.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/tornado-forecast-30563/ "Tornado forecast."] ''Flight International,'' 10 December 1999.</ref> In 2005, the RSAF opted to have their Tornado IDSs undergo a series of upgrades to become equivalent to the RAF's GR4 configuration.<ref name='saudi upgrade'/> On 21 December 2007 BAE signed a £210m contract for CUSP, the Capability Upgrade Strategy (Pilot).<ref name=Hoyle20080109>{{cite web | url=http://flightglobal.com/news/articles/bae-systems-gets-163210-million-contract-to-upgrade-uk-tornado-220726/ | title=BAE Systems gets £210 million contract to upgrade UK Tornado GR4s | first= Craig | last= Hoyle | publisher=Flight Global | date=9 January 2008}}</ref> This project would see RAF GR4/4A improved in two phases, starting with the integration of the Paveway IV bomb and a communications upgrade, followed by a new tactical datalink in Phase B.<ref name=Hoyle20080109 />

Beginning in 2000, German IDS and ECR Tornados received the ASSTA 1 (Avionics System Software Tornado in Ada) upgrade. ASSTA 1 involved a replacement weapons computer, new GPS and [[Inertial navigation system|Laser Inertial]] navigation systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sabatini|first=Roberto|author2=Richardson, Mark|title=New techniques for laser beam atmospheric extinction measurements from manned and unmanned aerospace vehicles |journal=Central European Journal of Engineering |date=12 September 2012|volume=3|issue=1|pages=11–35|doi=10.2478/s13531-012-0033-1|s2cid=55794864|url=https://rmit-researchmanagement.esploro.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61RMIT_INST/12247018750001341/13248381660001341|doi-access=free}}</ref> The new computer allowed the integration of the [[AGM-88 HARM|HARM III, HARM 0 Block IV/V]] and Taurus KEPD 350 missiles, the [[Litening|Rafael Litening II]] [[Targeting pod#Laser designator|laser designator pod]] and [[GBU-24 Paveway III]] laser-guided bombs.<ref name="AIdec11 p72-74">Rachow ''Air International'' December 2011, pp. 72–74.</ref> The ASSTA 2 upgrade began in 2005, primarily consisting of several new digital avionics systems and a new ECM suite; these upgrades are to be only applied to 85 Tornados (20 ECRs and 65 IDSs), as the Tornado is being replaced in part by the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]].<ref name="AIdec11 p74">Rachow ''Air International'' December 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref name=fi_assta2>Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/german-air-force-starts-tests-with-upgraded-tornado-340632/ "German air force starts tests with upgraded Tornado."] ''Flight International,'' 14 April 2010.</ref> The ASSTA 3 upgrade programme, started in 2008, will introduce support for the laser-targeted [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] along with further software changes.<ref name=defpro_jdam>[http://www.defpro.com/news/details/11683/ "German Air Force Tornado aircraft get more punch for air-to-surface missions."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615075816/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/11683/ |date=15 June 2012 }} ''defpro.com'', 3 December 2009.</ref>

In January 2016, ''Bild'' newspaper stated that the newest upgrade of the ASSTA suite to version 3.1, which includes colour multifunctional LCD screens in place of monochrome CRT displays, is interfering with helmet-mounted night-vision optical displays worn by pilots, rendering German Tornado bombers deployed to Syria useless for night missions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tacairnet.com/2016/01/19/software-issues-ground-luftwaffe-tornadoes-at-night-in-the-fight-against-daesh/|title=Software Issues Ground Luftwaffe Tornadoes at Night in the Fight Against Daesh|first=Ian|last=D'Costa|date=19 January 2016|website=tacairnet.com|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bild.de/politik/inland/bundeswehr/tornados-duerfen-nachts-nicht-gegen-isis-fliegen-44202376.bild.html|title=Tornados dürfen nachts nicht gegen ISIS fliegen|website=bild.de|date=18 January 2016|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> The defence ministry admitted that bright cockpit lights could be a distraction for pilots, and said that the solution will be implemented in a few weeks, but denied the need to fly night missions in Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/report-german-jets-useless-at-night/a-18988883|title=Report: German jets useless at night – News – DW – 19.01.2016|website=DW.COM|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

[[File:RDNG-AMLCD TV TAB.jpg|thumb|A 'new' AMLCD TV TAB DU in test mode showing color bars. The bezel is removed to allow a wider view angle.]]
The TV TAB displays are used for route planning, the forward-looking infra-red (FLIR) sensors, targeting pods such as TIALD (Thermal Imaging and Laser Designator) and CLDP (Convertible Laser Designator Pod). The original MRCA TV TAB DU navigation display (part number V22.498.90) has a green CRT as the picture source. The original price for one CRT display version was €33,852.64. Due to the light environment, the picture tube was pushed to the limit due to the high brightness levels causing wear of the picture tube. An ''Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays ([[AMLCD]])'' drop fit replacement with a digital screen TV TAB (NSN 5895-99-597-1323) was developed to replace the 'old' wear-sensitive CRT versions. The CRT versions are mainly recognisable by the two white domes at the top of the display containing the light sensors for automatic brightness regulation and the white buttons. The newer digital version is mainly recognisable by the black buttons with big white dots on them. The replacement AMLCD version has a color display instead of the original green monochrome display. A new feature is that the AMLCD has a bezel that reduces the angle of view. The main goal of the AMLCD upgrade was the intended significant reduction in life cycle costs. But it's said that the newer AMLCD version fail rather quickly due to the more sensitive and complex digital electronics compared to the much simpler design of the original CRT display. The old and newer version are a masterpiece of state of the art engineering and both are very well built. For example there's a diagnostic connector at the back panel for quick troubleshooting. The display unit is eventually a rather 'dumb' device. The original display unit is 'just' a display and a keypad. To show a picture, the separate video signal, vertical and horizontal synchronisation signals have to be fed into the display unit since there's no internal electronics for synchronisation separation of the video signal. The additional waveform generator (WFG) is needed to 'create' the desired images for use in the airplane. To power the display unit, a three phase 115 VAC 400&nbsp;Hz including neutral and a 28 VDC signal have to be supplied to the display unit. The CRT version has a Low Voltage Power Supply (LVPS) for creating the needed low voltage signals. There's also a High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS) for creating the desired high voltage for the CRT picture tube. Since the newer AMLCD has no CRT picture tube, the high voltages are not needed and the mechanical and electrical design is completely different except for the connections, mounting points and functionality. The newer AMLCD version 'only' needs 28 VDC for functionality. But since a drop fit replacement is mandatory, the AMLCD version has a built in three phase 115VAC 400&nbsp;Hz conversion to 28 VDC. By removing the rear three phase conversion power supply plug-in board and applying 28 VDC (<4.1 A) to the power supply board, the device can be powered for avionics enthusiast use. The AMLCD has a built in menu for selecting the airplane type: GR1, GR4 or F3, a self test and a display test like a grid pattern and color bars shown in the picture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amateurtelecom.reiding.com/index.php?group=45 |title=Tornado TV TAB DU reverse engineering information |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913115957/http://amateurtelecom.reiding.com/index.php?group=45 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

BAE Systems announced that, in December 2013, it had test-flown a Tornado equipped with parts made by [[3D printing]]. The parts included a protective cover for the radio, a landing-gear guard and air-intake door support struts. The test demonstrated the feasibility of making replacement parts quickly and cheaply at the air base hosting the Tornado.<ref>{{cite web|title=3D-printed components flown in British fighter jet|url=https://news.yahoo.com/3d-printed-components-flown-british-fighter-jet-034848681.html|date=5 January 2014|publisher=Yahoo! News}}</ref> The company claimed that, with some costing less than £100 to make, 3D printing of parts had saved more than £300,000 which potentially could reach more than £1.2&nbsp;million by 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/126185-printing-planes-bae-systems-now-using-3d-printed-parts-in-fighter-jets |title=Printing planes: BAE Systems now using 3D printed parts in fighter jets |author=Stuart Miles |publisher=pocket-lint.com |date=5 January 2014 |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

==Operational history==

===German Air Force (''Luftwaffe'')===
[[File:German Panavia Tornado.JPG|thumb|A German Air Force Tornado IDS ''43+13'' flying above [[Nevada]], US, 2007]]

The first Tornado prototype made its first flight on 14 August 1974 from [[Ingolstadt Manching Airport]], in [[West Germany]].<ref name=j75>Taylor 1975–1976, p. 71.</ref> Deliveries of production Tornados began on 27 July 1979. The total number of Tornados delivered to the [[German Air Force]] was 247, including 35 ECR variants.<ref name="WAPJ32 p128">Lake ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 32, p. 128.</ref> Originally Tornados equipped five fighter-bomber wings (''[[Geschwader]]''), with one tactical conversion unit and four front-line wings, replacing the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter.<ref name="WAPJ32 p128,1">Lake ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 32, pp. 128, 130.</ref> When one of the two Tornado wings of the German Navy was disbanded in 1994, its aircraft were used to re-equip a Luftwaffe's reconnaissance wing formerly equipped with [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|McDonnell Douglas RF-4E Phantom]]s.<ref name="WAPJ32 p129">Lake ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 32, p. 129.</ref>

14 German Tornados undertook combat operations as a part of [[NATO]]'s campaign during the [[Bosnian War]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Werkhäuser |first=Nina |title=Ten Years On, Germany Looks Back at Return to War in Kosovo |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ten-years-on-germany-looks-back-at-return-to-war-in-kosovo/a-4123734 |work=www.dw.com |access-date=2020-05-11 }}</ref> The Tornados, operating from [[Piacenza]], Italy, flew reconnaissance missions to survey damage inflicted by previous strikes and to scout new targets.<ref>"German Warplanes Risk Combat for the First Times since WWII." ''St. Louis Post,'' 2 September 1995.</ref> These reconnaissance missions were reportedly responsible for a significant improvement in target selection throughout the campaign.<ref>Geiss and Berndt 2010, p. 32.</ref>

In 1999, German Tornados participated in [[Operation Allied Force]], NATO airstrikes against the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] during the [[Kosovo War]]. This was Germany's first offensive air mission since World War II.<ref>Cohen, Roger. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/26/world/conflict-balkans-germany-half-century-after-hitler-german-jets-join-attack.html "Conflict in the Balkans: Half a Century After Hitler, German Jets Join the Attack."] ''New York Times,'' 26 March 1999.</ref> The ECR aircraft escorted various allies' aircraft while carrying several [[AGM-88 HARM]] missiles to counter attempted use of radar against the allied aircraft.<ref>Lambeth 2001, p. 103.</ref> During the Kosovo hostilities, Germany's IDS Tornados routinely conducted reconnaissance flights to identify both enemy ground forces and civilian refugees within Yugoslavia.<ref>Peters 2001, p. 21.</ref><ref>Geiss and Berndt 2010, p. 33.</ref> The German Tornados flew 2108 hours and 446 sorties, firing 236 HARM missiles at hostile targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stampa.aeronautica.difesa.it/sf2008/germania.asp|title=The History of Fighter Bomber Wing 32|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315034335/http://stampa.aeronautica.difesa.it/sf2008/germania.asp|archive-date=2012-03-15|access-date=2012-05-22}}</ref>

[[File:Panavia Tornado Luftwaffe.jpg|thumb|left|A Luftwaffe Tornado ''44+80'' of [[Jagdbombergeschwader 31]] taking off from [[Eielson Air Force Base]], [[Alaska]], in 2004]]
In June 2007, a pair of Luftwaffe Tornados flew reconnaissance missions over an [[anti-globalisation]] demonstration during the [[33rd G8 summit]] in [[Heiligendamm]].<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/06/12/German-war-jets-against-anti-G8-protesters/UPI-13951181675274/ "German war jets against anti-G8 protesters."] ''United Press International,'' 12 June 2007.</ref><ref>Bode, Emma. [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2007/jul2007/germ-j31.shtml "German army and air force deployed against G8 summit demonstrators."] ''World Socialist Web Site,'' 31 July 2007.</ref> Following the mission, the German Defence Ministry admitted one aircraft had broken the minimum flying altitude and that mistakes were made in the handling of security of the summit.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/06/21/Berlin-admits-security-mistakes-at-G8/UPI-37391182449280/ "Berlin admits security mistakes at G8."] ''United Press International,'' 21 June 2007.</ref>
[[File:Tornado ECR (26565457453).jpg|thumb|Tornado ECR arrives in Austria for an air show, 1997]]
In 2007, a detachment of six Tornados of the [[Aufklärungsgeschwader 51 "Immelmann"]] (51st reconnaissance wing) were deployed to [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], Northern Afghanistan, to support NATO forces.<ref>[http://www.nato.int/isaf/docu/pressreleases/2007/04-april/pr070406-270.html "German ‘Tornado’ aircraft deploy to Mazar-e Sharif."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010045954/http://www.nato.int/isaf/docu/pressreleases/2007/04-april/pr070406-270.html |date=10 October 2017 }} ''NATO ISAF Press Release'', #2007-270. Retrieved 1 December 2011.</ref> The decision to send Tornados to Afghanistan was controversial: one political party launched an unsuccessful legal bid to block the deployment as unconstitutional.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,472696,00.html "Letter from Berlin: Afghanistan Divides Germany's Social Democrats."] ''Spiegel Online,'' 20 March 2007.</ref><ref>Matussek, Karin. [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aVqR2oCLfNgk&refer=germany "German Court Rejects Bid to Halt Tornado Mission."] ''Bloomberg,'' 3 July 2007.</ref> In support of the Afghanistan mission, improvements in the Tornado's reconnaissance equipment were accelerated; enhancing the Tornado's ability to detect hidden [[improvised explosive device]]s (IEDs).<ref>Geiss and Berndt 2010, p. 35.</ref> The German Tornados were withdrawn from Afghanistan in November 2010.<ref>[http://www.defencetalk.com/germany-to-withdraw-tornado-jets-from-afghanistan-28987/ "Germany to Withdraw Tornado Jets from Afghanistan."] ''defencetalk.com'', 28 September 2010.</ref>

Defence cuts announced in March 2003 resulted in the decision to retire 90 Tornados from service with the Luftwaffe. This led to a reduction in its Tornado strength to four wings by September 2005.<ref>Ripley ''Flight International'' 25 November&nbsp;– 1 December 2003, p. 42.</ref><ref name="AImay06 p51">List ''Air International'' May 2006, p. 51.</ref> On 13 January 2004, the then German [[Federal Minister of Defence (Germany)|Defence Minister]] [[Peter Struck (politician)|Peter Struck]] announced further major changes to the German armed forces. A major part of this announcement was the plan to cut the German fighter fleet from 426 in early 2004 to 265 by 2015.<ref>"Germany Announces Major Armed Forces Cuts." ''AirForces Monthly,'' March 2004, p. 8. Retrieved 19 October 2006.</ref> The German Tornado force was to be reduced to 85, with the type expected to remain in service with the Luftwaffe until 2025.<ref name="AIdec11 p74"/> The aircraft being retained have been undergoing a service life extension programme.<ref>Geiss and Berndt 2010, p. 34.</ref> Currently, the Luftwaffe operates Tornados with Tactical Wings [[Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 33]] in Cochem/[[Büchel Air Base]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] and with [[Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 51]] "Immelmann" in Jagel, [[Schleswig-Holstein]].

German Tornado aircrew training took place at [[Holloman Air Force Base]] in New Mexico, US from January 1996<ref>{{cite web|title=Historischer Rückblick|url=http://www.luftwaffe.de/portal/a/luftwaffe/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK9nHK9_KJ0vcTS4hy9tMSq0mK9jMziEv2CbEdFAMpAqz8!/|date=24 September 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121221010511/http://www.luftwaffe.de/portal/a/luftwaffe/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK9nHK9_KJ0vcTS4hy9tMSq0mK9jMziEv2CbEdFAMpAqz8!/|archive-date=21 December 2012 |language=de}}</ref> at the Taktische Ausbildungskommando der Luftwaffe USA (''TaktAusbKdoLw USA'' Tactical Training Command of the Luftwaffe USA) which was responsible for training both German F-4 Phantom and Tornado crews. In 1999 the training command was renamed as Fliegerisches Ausbildungszentrum der Luftwaffe (''FlgAusbZLw'' Luftwaffe Training Center).  In March 2015, Defence Minister [[Ursula von der Leyen]] decided to continue this training in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tornados aus Holloman fliegen bald an der Nordseeküste |date=13 April 2016 |url=http://www.luftwaffe.de/portal/a/luftwaffe/!ut/p/c4/NYuxDoMwDAX_yE6ohGg3EB26stB0c0NEI4Uksgws_fgmQ99Jt5wevrAQ6fAriU-RAj7RWH97nxBOILYff0S3Q6N0C5QZ53pYHNgUnVSLi-KLVyZJDDmxhFp25lLAL2iUHgfVqv_0t-_M9T5dmm58DBPmbet_CCfVPw!!/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160414095221/http://www.luftwaffe.de/portal/a/luftwaffe/!ut/p/c4/NYuxDoMwDAX_yE6ohGg3EB26stB0c0NEI4Uksgws_fgmQ99Jt5wevrAQ6fAriU-RAj7RWH97nxBOILYff0S3Q6N0C5QZ53pYHNgUnVSLi-KLVyZJDDmxhFp25lLAL2iUHgfVqv_0t-_M9T5dmm58DBPmbet_CCfVPw!!/ |archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> In September 2017, flight training in Holloman for the Tornado was discontinued and transferred to Taktischen Luftwaffengeschwader 51 in Jagel with the US location command dissolved in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bundeswehr-journal.de/tag/fliegerisches-ausbildungszentrum/ |title=Letzter gemeinsamer Flug von Tornado und F-16 in Holloman |date=28 August 2017 |publisher= bundeswehr-journal.de |access-date=12 June 2020 |language= de}}</ref>

In April 2020, it was reported that the German defence ministry planned to replace its Tornado aircraft with a purchase of 30 [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]]s, 15 EA-18G Growlers, and 55 Eurofighter Typhoons.<ref name=flightintgermany>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/germany-picks-super-hornet-and-more-eurofighters-for-tornado-replacement/138003.article|title=Germany picks Super Hornet and more Eurofighters for Tornado replacement|first=Dominic|last=Perry |date=21 April 2020 |website=Flight Global}}</ref> The Super Hornet was selected due to its compatibility with nuclear weapons and availability of an electronic attack version. In March 2020, the Super Hornet was not certified for the [[B61 nuclear bomb]]s, but Dan Gillian, head of Boeing's Super Hornet program, previously stated "We certainly think that we, working with the U.S. government, can meet the German requirements there on the [required] timeline."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trevithick |first1=Joseph |title=Here's Where Boeing Aims To Take The Super Hornet In The Decades To Come |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27272/heres-where-boeing-aims-to-take-the-super-hornet-in-the-decades-to-come |website=The War Zone |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190710054444/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27272/heres-where-boeing-aims-to-take-the-super-hornet-in-the-decades-to-come |archive-date=10 July 2019 |date=3 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Airbus offered to replace Luftwaffe's 90 ageing Tornado Interdiction and Strike (IDS) and Electronic Combat Reconnaissance (ECR) aircraft with 85 new Eurofighter Tranche 5 standard from 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|last=GDC|date=2021-09-12|title=Airbus Offers Eurofighter Typhoon Tranche 5 For Panavia Tornado Replacement Programme|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2021/09/13/airbus-offers-eurofighter-typhoon-tranche-5-for-panavia-tornado-replacement-programme/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Global Defense Corp|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, the German defence ministry announced that 35 [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]]s will replace the Tornado fleet for [[nuclear sharing]] instead of the discussed 30 Boeing Super Hornets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tornado-Nachfolger: Neue Kampfflugzeuge für die Truppe |periodical= |publisher= |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/tornado-nachfolger-beschaffung-neue-kampfflugzeuge-fuer-truppe |format= |access-date=2022-03-14 |last= |date= |year= |language=de |pages= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-14 |title=Germany to buy 35 Lockheed F-35 fighter jets from U.S. amid Ukraine crisis |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germany-decides-principle-buy-f-35-fighter-jet-government-source-2022-03-14/ |access-date=2022-09-05}}</ref>

===German Navy (''Marineflieger'')===
[[File:Tornado MFG1 landing RAF Mildenhall 1984.JPEG|thumb|A German Navy Tornado ''43+65'' landing at [[NAS Oceana]] in 1989]]

In addition to the order made by the ''Luftwaffe'', the [[German Navy]]'s ''[[Marineflieger]]'' also received 112 of the IDS variant in the anti-shipping and marine reconnaissance roles, again replacing the Starfighter. These Tornados equipped two wings, each with a nominal strength of 48 aircraft. The principal anti-ship weapon was the [[AS.34 Kormoran]] [[anti-ship missile]], which were initially supplemented by unguided bombs and [[BL755]] [[cluster munition]]s, and later by [[AGM-88 HARM]] [[anti-radar missile]]s. Pods fitted with panoramic optical cameras and an infrared line scan were carried for the reconnaissance mission.<ref name="WAPJ32 p132">Lake ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 32, p. 132.</ref>

The end of the Cold War and the signing of the [[CFE Treaty]] led Germany to reduce the size of its armed forces, including the number of combat aircraft. To meet this need, one of the ''Marineflieger'''s Tornado wings was disbanded on 1 January 1994; its aircraft replaced the Phantoms of a Luftwaffe reconnaissance wing.<ref name="Evans p94">Evans 1999, p. 94.</ref><ref name="WAPJ32 p129,2">Lake ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 32, pp. 129, 132.</ref> The second wing was enlarged and continued in the anti-shipping, reconnaissance and anti-radar roles until it was disbanded in 2005 with its aircraft and duties passed on to the Luftwaffe.<ref>Wertheim 2007, p. 242.</ref>

===Italian Air Force (''Aeronautica Militare'')===
The first Italian prototype made its maiden flight on 5 December 1975 from [[Turin]]. The [[Aeronautica Militare]] received 100 Tornado IDSs (known as the A-200 in Italian service).<ref name="AM names">{{cite web |url=http://www.difesa.it/SGD-DNA/Staff/DT/ARMAEREO/Biblioteca/1Categoria/Documents/AER_EP_0-0-12_Ed_12-11-2016.pdf |title=DEFINIZIONI |publisher=Ministero Della Defesa |language=it |date=12 November 2016 |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> 16 A-200s were subsequently converted to the ECR configuration; the first Italian Tornado ECR (known as the EA-200)<ref name="AM names" /> was delivered on 27 February 1998.<ref>"First Tornado IT-ECR for 50° Stormo." ''AirForces Monthly,'' June 1998.</ref> As a stop-gap measure for 10 years the Aeronautica Militare additionally operated 24 [[Panavia Tornado ADV|Tornado ADVs]] in the air defence role, which were leased from the RAF to cover the service gap between the retirement of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and the introduction of the Eurofighter Typhoon.<ref name="AFM">Sacchetti, Renzo. "Italy's British Tornados." ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', Key Publishing, October 2003.</ref>

[[File:Two Italian Panavia Tornados of 36 Stormo in flight, 5 May 1987 (6426747).jpg|thumb|left|Two Italian A-200 Tornados participating in [[NATO]] exercise Dragon Hammer, May 1987]]
Italian Tornados, along with RAF Tornados, took part in the first [[Gulf War]] in 1991. [[Operazione Locusta]] saw eight Tornado IDS interdictors deployed from [[Gioia del Colle]], Italy, to [[Al Dhafra, Abu Dhabi|Al Dhafra]], [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]], as part of Italy's contribution to the coalition.<ref>Donald and Chant 2001, p. 42.</ref> During the conflict, one aircraft was lost to Iraqi anti-aircraft fire; the pilots ejected safely and were captured by Iraqi forces.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61015085.html?dids=61015085:61015085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+20%2C+1991&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Italy+Sends+Plane+to+Replace+Lost+Jet&pqatl=google "Italy Sends Plane to Replace Lost Jet."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105092114/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61015085.html?dids=61015085:61015085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+20,+1991&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Italy+Sends+Plane+to+Replace+Lost+Jet&pqatl=google |date=5 November 2012 }} ''Los Angeles Times'', 20 January 1991.</ref> A total of 22 Italian Tornados were deployed in the NATO-organised [[Operation Allied Force]] over Kosovo in 1999; the A-200s served in the bombing role while the EA-200s patrolled the combat region, acting to suppress enemy anti-aircraft radars,<ref>Peters 2001, p. 19.</ref> firing 115 AGM-88 HARM missiles.<ref name="corriere">{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/giugno/12/Arpino_usati_115_missili_Ognuno_co_0_9906123448.shtml|title=Arpino: usati 115 missili Ognuno costa 900 milioni|publisher=archiviostorico.corriere.it|access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>

In 2000, with delays to the Eurofighter, the Aeronautica Militare began a search for another interim fighter. While the Tornado was considered, any long term extension to the lease would have involved upgrade to RAF CSP standard and thus was not considered cost effective. In February 2001, Italy announced its arrangement to lease 35 F-16s from the United States under the PEACE CAESAR programme.<ref>"Italy to lease 35 F-16 jets from USA until Eurofighter operational". ''ANSA News Agency'', 1 February 2001.</ref> The Aeronautica Militare returned its Tornado ADVs to the RAF, with the final aircraft arriving at [[RAF St Athan]] on 7 December 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title= Final AMI Tornados F3s Returned |work=AirForces Monthly |page=9 |publisher=Key Publishing |date= February 2005}}</ref> One aircraft was retained for static display purposes at the [[Italian Air Force Museum]].<ref name="AMM"/>

In July 2002, Italy signed a contract with the Tornado Management Agency (NETMA) and Panavia for the upgrading of 18 A-200s, the first of which was received in 2003.<ref>"First Italian MLU Tornado." ''AirForces Monthly,'' February 2004, p. 7. Retrieved 19 October 2006.</ref> The upgrade introduced improved navigation systems (integrated GPS and laser INS) and the ability to carry new weapons, including the Storm Shadow cruise missile, Joint Direct Attack Munition and Paveway III laser-guided bombs.<ref name="AIjun07 p27">Niccoli ''Air International'' June 2007, p. 27.</ref>

[[File:Line-up of Tornados at Trapani.jpg|thumb|A-200 Tornados of 50° Stormo during [[Operation Unified Protector]], 2011]]
In response to anticipated violence during the [[Afghan parliamentary election, 2010|2010 Afghanistan election]]s, Italy, along with several other nations, increased its military commitment in Afghanistan, dispatching four A-200 Tornados to the region.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} Italy has opted to extend the Tornado's service life at the expense of alternative ground-attack aircraft such as the [[AMX International AMX]]; in 2010 a major upgrade and life extension programme was initiated, to provide new digital displays, [[Link 16]] communications capability, night-vision goggles compatibility, and several other upgrades.<ref>Nativi, Andy. [http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?topicName=Check6&id=news/awst/2010/09/20/AW_09_20_2010_p74-253057.xml&headline=Italian%20Upgrades%20To%20Extend%20Tornado's%20Life&channel=&from=topicalreports "Italian Upgrades To Extend Tornado's Life."] ''Aviation Week,'' 20 September 2010.</ref> In the long term, it is planned to replace the Tornado IDS/ECR fleet in Italian service with the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]],<ref>"First Upgraded Italian Tornado on show." ''AirForces Monthly,'' September 2004, p. 18. Retrieved 19 October 2006.</ref> with the final Italian Tornado scheduled to be phased out in 2025.<ref name="AIjun07 p29">Niccoli ''Air International'' June 2007, p. 29.</ref> The Aeronautica Militare received its first of an eventual 15 upgraded Tornado EA-200s on 15 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/first-upgraded-tornado-ecr-delivered-to-italian-air-force |title=FIRST UPGRADED TORNADO ECR DELIVERED TO ITALIAN AIR FORCE |website=Leonardo Company |date=15 June 2013 |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>

Italian Tornado A-200 and EA-200 aircraft participated in the enforcement of a UN no-fly zone during the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]].<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-takes-libyan-human-rights-mission-to-tripoli-1.991975 "NATO Rejects Gadhafi's Call for Cease-Fire."] ''CBC News,'' 30 April 2011.</ref> Various coalition aircraft operated from bases in Italy, including RAF Tornados.<ref>Coughlin, Con. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/concoughlin/8545476/Libya-On-a-wing-and-a-prayer.html "Libya: On a wing and a prayer."] ''The Telegraph,'' 29 May 2011.</ref> Italian military aircraft delivered a combined 710 guided bombs and missiles during the strikes against Libyan targets. Of these Aeronautica Militare Tornados and AMX fighter-bombers released 550 guided bombs and missiles, and Italian Navy AV-8Bs delivered 160 guided bombs. Italian Tornados launched 20 to 30 [[Storm Shadow]] cruise missiles with the rest consisting of Paveway and JDAM guided bombs.<ref name="defensenews">{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=8567271|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728162540/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=8567271|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2012|title=Italy Gives Bombing Stats for Libya Campaign|publisher=defensenews.com|access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>

On 19 August 2014, two Aeronautica Militare Tornados collided in mid-air during a training mission near [[Ascoli Piceno|Ascoli]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-28855459 |title=Italy Tornado fighter jets collide near Ascoli |work=BBC News |date=19 August 2014 |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> On 14 November 2014, Italy announced it was sending four Tornado aircraft with 135 support staff to [[Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base]] and to two other bases in Kuwait in participation of [[2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|coalition operations against the Islamic State]].  The four aircraft will be used for reconnaissance missions only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/missione/attivitaoperative/opr_ambito_internazionale/Pagine/Kuwait.aspx|title=Kuwait|access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20141115165020/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20141114/DEFREG04/311140035/Italy-Send-4-Tornados-Recon-Iraq Italy To Send 4 Tornados for Recon in Iraq] – Defensenews.com, 14 November 2014</ref>

In October 2018, it was announced that the EA-200 Tornado had successfully completed operational testing of the [[AGM-88E AARGM]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/italian-air-force-completes-operational-testing-of-northrop-grummans-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile |title=AARGM missile integrated onto Tornado ECR aircraft |website=Northrop Grumman Corporation |date=4 October 2018 |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> providing capabilities of an "expanded target set, counter-shutdown capability, advanced signals processing for improved detection and locating, geographic specificity, and a weapon impact-assessment broadcast capability."<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Hughes |url=https://www.janes.com/article/79192/italian-air-force-finalises-aargm-ot-e-campaign |title=Italian Air Force finalises AARGM OT&E campaign |website=Jane's 360 |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>

===Royal Air Force===
[[File:Tornado GR1 27 sq (25634276814).jpg|thumb|left|Tornado GR1 ''ZA613'' of [[No. 27 Squadron RAF|No. 27 Squadron]] arriving at [[RIAT]], July 1983]]

Nicknamed the "Tonka" by the British,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2012/08/bonkers-tonkas-uk-sets-tornado/ | title=Bonkers Tonkas: UK sets Tornado retirement date |first=Craig |last=Hoyle |date=2 August 2012 |publisher=Flight Global}}</ref> their first prototype (''XX946'') made its maiden flight on 30 October 1974 from [[BAC Warton]].<ref name="PO1"/> The first full production Tornado GR1 (''ZA319'') flew on 10 July 1979 from Warton.<ref name="firstprdctn">{{cite web |url=https://www.panavia.de/nations/united-kingdom/ |title=Nations – United Kingdom |publisher=Panavia Aircraft GmbH |access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> The first RAF Tornados (''ZA320'' and ''ZA322'') were delivered to the TTTE at RAF Cottesmore on 1 July 1980.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hunter |first=Jamie |date=May 2019 |title=Tornado Finale |magazine=Combat Aircraft |publisher=Key Publishing Ltd |page=90}}</ref> Crew that qualified from the TTTE went onto the [[No. 45 Squadron RAF|Tornado Weapons Conversion Unit]] (TWCU), which formed on 1 August 1981 at [[RAF Honington]], before being posted to a front-line squadron.<ref name="UKSqn"/> [[No. 9 Squadron RAF|No. IX (B) Squadron]] became the first front-line squadron in the world to operate the Tornado when it reformed on 1 June 1982, having received its first Tornado GR1 ''ZA586'' on 6 January 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/aircraft/types/type-details/panavia-tornado-ids.htm#History |title=Panavia Tornado IDS – History |website=Aero Flight |date=26 June 2016 |access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref><ref>Napier 2017, p. 20.</ref> No. IX (B) Squadron was declared strike combat ready to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) in January 1983.<ref>Napier 2017, p. 23.</ref> Two more squadrons were formed at [[RAF Marham]] in 1983 – [[No. 617 Squadron]] on 1 January and [[No. 27 Squadron RAF|No. 27 Squadron]] on 12 August.<ref name="UKSqn"/> The first RAF Tornado GR1 loss was on 27 September 1983 when ''ZA586'' suffered complete electrical failure and crashed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/77186A18-0C22-43CA-AA81-4A64C4E600D8/0/maas83_22_tornado_gr1_za586_27sept83.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121109141349/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/77186A18-0C22-43CA-AA81-4A64C4E600D8/0/maas83_22_tornado_gr1_za586_27sept83.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2012 |title=Accident To Royal Air Force Tornado GR1 ZA586 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |date=31 May 1985 |access-date=5 March 2019 }}</ref> Navigator Flt. Lt. Nigel Nickles ejected but the pilot Sqn. Ldr. Michael Stephens died in the crash after ordering ejection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=55461 |title=Accident Panavia Tornado GR1 ZA586, 27 Sep 1983 |website=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> In January 1984, the TWCU became No. 45 (Reserve) Squadron.<ref name="Napier 2017, p. 34">Napier 2017, p. 34.</ref>

[[RAF Germany]] (RAFG) began receiving Tornados after the formation of [[No. 15 Squadron RAF|No. XV (Designate) Squadron]] on 1 September 1983 at [[RAF Laarbruch]] followed by [[No. 16 Squadron RAF|No. 16 (Designate) Squadron]] in January 1984 (who were both [[Blackburn Buccaneer]] squadrons).<ref>Napier 2017, pp. 33–34.</ref> They were then joined by [[No. 20 Squadron RAF|No. 20 (Designate) Squadron]] in May 1984 (who were operating the [[SEPECAT Jaguar|SEPECAT Jaguar GR1]] from [[RAF Brüggen]]).<ref name="Napier 2017, p. 34"/> Unlike the Tornado squadrons based in the UK which were under control of the British military, those stationed in RAFG were under the control of SACEUR, with the aircraft on [[Quick Reaction Alert]] (Nuclear), "QRA (N)", being equipped with the WE.177 nuclear bomb.<ref>Napier 2017, p. 44.</ref> In the event of the Cold War going 'hot', the majority of RAFG Tornado squadrons were tasked with destroying Warsaw Pact airfields and [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) sites in [[East Germany]].<ref>Napier 2017, p. 47.</ref> While No. 20 Squadron was given a separate responsibility of destroying bridges over the rivers [[Elbe]] and [[Weser]] to prevent Warsaw Pact forces from advancing.<ref>Napier 2017, p. 48.</ref> By early 1985, Nos. XV, 16 and 20 Squadrons at RAF Laarbruch had been declared strike combat ready to SACEUR.<ref>Napier 2017, p. 51.</ref>

[[File:Panavia Tornado GR1, UK - Air Force AN1801303.jpg|thumb|Tornado GR1 ''ZA491'' of [[No. 20 Squadron RAF|No. 20 Squadron]] in the "desert pink" used for [[Operation Granby]] at [[RAF Brize Norton]], September 1991]]
Tornados began to arrive at RAF Brüggen in September 1984 with the formation of [[No. 31 Squadron RAF|No. 31 (Designate) Squadron]]. [[No. 17 Squadron RAF|No. 17 (Designate) Squadron]] was formed in December 1984, with the two Brüggen squadrons joined by [[No. 14 Squadron RAF|No. 14 (Designate) Squadron]] in mid-1985.<ref>Napier 2017, p. 57.</ref> No. IX (B) Squadron relocated from RAF Honington to RAF Brüggen on 1 October 1986, arriving in a [[diamond formation|diamond nine formation]]. The outcome of the [[Reykjavík Summit]] in October 1986 between [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] led the end of QRA (Nuclear) for the Tornado force.<ref>Napier 2017, p. 68.</ref> By the end of 1986, the Tornado GR1 fleet had been equipped with a Laser Ranger and Marked Target Seeker (LRMTS) under the nose, and had begun to be equipped with the [[BOZ counter-measures pod|BOZ-107]] [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff and flare]] dispenser.<ref>Napier 2017, pp. 64–65.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/tornado.cfm |title=Tornado GR4 (equipped) |publisher=Royal Air Force |date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721163835/https://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/tornado.cfm |archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>

The Tornado made its combat debut as part of [[Operation Granby]], the British contribution to the [[Gulf War]] in 1991. This saw 49 RAF Tornado GR1s deploy to [[Muharraq Airfield]] in Bahrain and to [[Tabuk Air Base]] and [[Dhahran Airfield]] in Saudi Arabia.<ref name=granby2>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/centre-for-air-and-space-power-studies/documents1/air-power-review-vol-17-no-1/ |title=The Royal Air Force and the First Gulf War, 1990–91: A Case Study in the Identification and Implementation of Air Power Lessons |author= Dr Sebastian Ritchie |date=2014 |website=www.raf.mod.uk |publisher=Royal Air Force |access-date=2020-05-30 }}</ref> 18 Tornado F3s were deployed to provide air cover, the threat of their long range missiles being a deterrent to Iraqi pilots, who would avoid combat when approached.<ref>Clark 1993, p. 10.</ref><ref name=granby2/> Early on in the conflict, the GR1s targeted military airfields across Iraq, deploying a mixture of {{convert|1000|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}} [[unguided bombs]] in [[Toss bombing|loft-bombing]] attacks and specialised [[JP233]] runway denial weapons. On 17 January 1991, the first Tornado to be lost was shot down by an Iraqi [[SA-16]] missile following a failed low-level bombing run.<ref>Lawrence 2002 {{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref> On 19 January, another RAF Tornado was shot down during an intensive raid on [[Tallil Air Base]].<ref>Lowry 2008, p. 8.</ref> The impact of the Tornado strikes upon Iraqi airfields is difficult to determine.<ref>Cox and Gray 2002, p. 297.</ref><ref>Clark 1993, p. 30.</ref> A total of six RAF Tornados were lost in the conflict, four while delivering unguided bombs, one after delivering [[JP233]], and one trying to deliver laser-guided bombs.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/gulf/loss.html "Statement on the Loss of RAF Tornado Aircraft in Combat During the Conduct of Air Operations against Iraq."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606175407/http://www.raf.mod.uk/gulf/loss.html |date=6 June 2011 }} ''Royal Air Force''. Retrieved: 27 October 2006.</ref>

The UK sent a detachment of [[Blackburn Buccaneer]] aircraft equipped with [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation]] [[Pave Spike]] laser designators, allowing Tornado GR1s to drop precision guided weapons guided by the Buccaneers. A planned programme to fit GR1s with the [[GEC-Marconi]] [[TIALD]] laser designation system was rapidly accelerated to give the Tornado force the ability to self-designate targets. Author Claus-Christian Szejnmann declared that the TIALD pod enabled the GR1 to "achieve probably the most accurate bombing in the RAF's history".<ref name="evans pp66-8">Evans 1999, pp. 66–68.</ref><ref>Szejnmann 2009, p. 217.</ref> Although laser designation proved effective in the Gulf War, only 23 TIALD pods had been purchased by 2000; shortages hindered combat operations over Kosovo.<ref>Szejnmann 2009, p. 223.</ref>

[[File:RAF Panavia Tornado GR1A.jpg|thumb|left|Tornado GR1s of Nos. [[No. 31 Squadron RAF|31]], [[No. 17 Squadron RAF|17]], [[No. 14 Squadron RAF|14]] and [[No. 15 Squadron RAF|XV (R)]] Squadrons lined up at [[CFB Goose Bay]], June 1992]]
After the war's opening phase, the GR1s switched to medium-level strike missions; typical targets included munition depots and oil refineries.<ref>Lowry 2008, p. 37.</ref> Only the reconnaissance Tornado GR1As continued flying the low-altitude high-speed profile, emerging unscathed despite the inherent danger in conducting pre-attack reconnaissance.<ref>Olsen 2011, p. 54.</ref> After the conflict, Britain maintained a military presence in the Gulf. Around six GR1s were based at [[Ali Al Salem]] airbase in Kuwait, contributing the southern no-fly zone as part of [[Operation Southern Watch]]. Six additional GR1s participated in [[Operation Provide Comfort]] over Northern Iraq.<ref>Koch and Long 2003, p. 82.</ref>

The upgraded Tornado GR4 made its operational debut in Operation Southern Watch; patrolling Iraq's southern airspace from bases in [[Kuwait]]. Both Tornado GR1s and GR4s based at Ali Al Salem, Kuwait, took part in coalition strikes at Iraq's military infrastructure during [[Operation Desert Fox]] in 1998.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/238118.stm " Unrest as Tornados hit Iraq again."] ''BBC News,'' 18 December 1998.</ref> In December 1998, an Iraqi anti-aircraft battery fired six to eight missiles at a patrolling Tornado. The battery was later attacked in retaliation, and no aircraft were lost during the incident.<ref>Marshall, Andrew. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/iraq-fires-missiles-at-raf-tornado-1194972.html?CMP=ILC-refresh "Iraq fires missiles at RAF Tornado."] ''The Independent'', 31 December 1998.</ref> It was reported that during Desert Fox RAF Tornados had successfully destroyed 75% of their targets, and out of the 36 missions planned, 28 had been successfully completed.<ref>Davidson, John. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/iraq-crisis-mod-declares-tornado-bomb-raids-a-success-1194019.html?CMP=ILC-refresh "Iraq crisis: MoD declares Tornado bomb raids a success."] ''The Independent'', 23 December 1998.</ref>

The GR1 participated in the [[Kosovo War]] in 1999. Tornados initially operated from [[RAF Brüggen]], Germany and later from [[Solenzara Air Base]], [[Corsica]].<ref>Olsen 2011, p. 57.</ref> Experiences from Kosovo led to the RAF procuring [[AGM-65 Maverick]] missiles and [[Enhanced Paveway]] [[smart bomb]]s for the Tornado.<ref name="Corde_298"/> Following the Kosovo War, the GR1 was phased out as aircraft were upgraded to GR4 standard; the final upgrade was returned to the RAF on 10 June 2003.<ref>[http://ir.baesystems.com/bae/shareholder_info/communications/2003/2003-06-30/ "BAE Systems Investor Brief&nbsp;– June 2003."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922231509/http://ir.baesystems.com/bae/shareholder_info/communications/2003/2003-06-30/ |date=22 September 2007 }} ''BAE Systems plc'', 30 June 2003.</ref>

The GR4 was used in [[Operation Telic]], Britain's contribution to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. RAF Tornados flew alongside American aircraft in the opening phase of the war, striking Iraqi targets.<ref>Payne, Stewart. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1425246/Missile-alerts-at-Tornado-base-after-bombing-raids.html "Missile alerts at Tornado base after bombing raids."] ''The Telegraph'', 21 March 2003.</ref> Aiming to minimise civilian casualties, Tornados deployed the Storm Shadow [[cruise missile]] for the first time.  Whilst 25% of the UK's air-launched weapons in Kosovo were precision-guided, four years later in Iraq this ratio increased to 85%.<ref name="Corde_298" />

[[File:RAF Tornado GR4 Iraq.JPEG|thumb|Tornado GR4 ''ZA557'' of [[No. 15 Squadron RAF|No. XV (Reserve) Squadron]] in flight over Iraq during [[Operation Telic]], August 2004]]
On 23 March 2003, a Tornado GR4 was shot down over Iraq by [[friendly fire]] from a US [[Patriot missile]] battery, killing both crew members.<ref>Evans, Michael. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article424174.ece "Tornado Crew Shot Down After Friend-or-Foe System Failed."]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''The Times'', 15 May 2004.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2877349.stm "RAF Tornado Downed by US Missile."] ''BBC News'', 23 March 2003.</ref> In July 2003, a US board of inquiry exonerated the battery's operators, observing the Tornado's "lack of functioning IFF ([[Identification Friend or Foe]])" as a factor in the incident.<ref>Smith, Michael. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1436240/US-clears-crew-who-shot-down-Tornado.html "US 'clears' crew who shot down Tornado."] ''The Telegraph,'' 16 July 2003.</ref> Problems with Patriot were also suggested as a factor, multiple incidents of mis-identification of friendly aircraft have occurred, including the fatal shootdown of a [[US Navy]] F/A-18 a few weeks after the Tornado's loss.<ref>Tweedie, Neil. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1426631/US-fighter-shot-down-by-Patriot-missile.html "US fighter shot down by Patriot missile."] ''The Telegraph,'' 3 April 2003.</ref><ref>Leung, Rebecca. [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-patriot-flawed-19-02-2004/ "The Patriot Flawed."] ''CBS News,'' 5 December 2007.</ref><ref>Cordesman 2003, pp. 339–340.</ref> Britain withdrew the last of its Tornados from Iraq in June 2009.<ref>[http://www.defpro.com/news/details/7881/ "RAF Ends 18 Years of Combat Operations in Iraqi Skies."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615075837/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/7881/ |date=15 June 2012 }} ''defpro.com'', 5 June 2009.</ref>

In early 2009, several GR4s arrived at [[Kandahar Airfield]], Afghanistan to replace the [[British Aerospace Harrier II|British Aerospace Harrier GR7/9]] aircraft which had been deployed there since November 2004.<ref>Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/06/17/224733/raf-tornados-to-replace-harriers-in-afghanistan.html "RAF Tornados to replace Harriers in Afghanistan."] ''flightglobal.com,'' 17 June 2008.</ref> In 2009, [[Paveway IV]] guided bombs were brought into service on the RAF's Tornados, having been previously used in Afghanistan by the Harrier II.<ref>[http://www.aerospacetestinginternational.com/news.php?NewsID=14434 "Paving the way in Afghanistan."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112220832/http://www.aerospacetestinginternational.com/news.php?NewsID=14434 |date=12 November 2014 }} ''aerospacetestinginternational.com'', 22 July 2009.</ref> In Summer 2010, extra Tornados were dispatched to Kandahar for the duration of the 2010 Afghan election.<ref>McVeigh, Karen. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/11/britain-tornados-afghanistan-raf-kandahar "Britain to send two more Tornadoes to Afghanistan."] ''The Guardian'', 11 August 2010.</ref> British Tornados ended operations in Afghanistan in November 2014, having flown over 5,000 pairs sorties over 33,500 hours, including 600 "shows of force" to deter Taliban attacks. During more than 70 engagements, 140 Brimstone missiles and Paveway IV bombs were deployed, and over 3,000 27&nbsp;mm cannon shells fired.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/tornado-departure-ends-uk39s-fast-jet-role-in-afghanistan-405932/ "Tornado departure ends UK's fast jet role in Afghanistan."] Flightglobal.com, 11 November 2014.</ref>

Prior to the [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010|2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review]] (SDSR)'s publication, the Tornado's retirement was under consideration with savings of £7.5&nbsp;billion anticipated.<ref>Norton-Taylor, Richard and Nicholas Watt. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/oct/15/typhoons-cost-raf-dear "MoD pays extra £2.7bn for unwanted Typhoons."] ''The Guardian'', 15 October 2010.</ref> The SDSR announced the Tornado would be retained at the expense of the Harrier II, although numbers would decline in the transition to the Eurofighter Typhoon and the [[F-35 Lightning II]].<ref>[http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_191634.pdf "Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022127/http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/%40dg/%40en/documents/digitalasset/dg_191634.pdf |date=22 December 2010 }} ''HM Government'', 19 October 2010.</ref><ref>Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-confirms-two-tornado-gr4-squadrons-will-go-by-june-353783/ "UK confirms two Tornado GR4 squadrons will go by June."] ''Flight International,'' 1 March 2011.</ref> By July 2013, 59 RAF GR4s were receiving the CUSP avionics upgrade, which achieved Initial Service Date (ISD) in March 2013.<ref name=Fish20140716>{{cite web |url=http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/defence-notes/farnborough-tornado-will-go-out-style/ |title=Farnborough: Tornado will go out in style |date=16 July 2014 |first=Tim |last= Fish |publisher=Shephard Media}}</ref>

[[File:RAF CONDUCTS FIRST AIR STRIKES OF IRAQ MISSION MOD 45158635.jpg|thumb|left|Tornado GR4 ''ZD744'' over Iraq during [[Operation Shader]], September 2014]]
On 18 March 2011, British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] announced that Tornados and [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon]]s would enforce a [[Libyan no-fly zone|no-fly zone in Libya]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12784729 "Libya: UK planes to be deployed."] ''BBC News'', 18 April 2011.</ref> In March 2011, several Tornados flew {{convert|3000|mi|km|sigfig=2|adj=on}} strike missions against targets inside Libya in what were, according to Defence Secretary [[Liam Fox]], "the longest range bombing mission conducted by the RAF since the Falklands conflict".<ref name= BBC-Liam-Fox>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12797500 "Libya: British missiles fired at military sites."] ''BBC News'', 20 March 2011.</ref> A variety of munitions were used during Tornado operations over Libya, including laser-guided bombs and Brimstone missiles.<ref>Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-french-militaries-interested-in-brimstone-missile-says-raf-355792/ "US, French militaries interested in Brimstone misSile, says RAF official."] ''Flight International,'' 20 April 2011.</ref>

In August 2014, Tornado GR4s were deployed to [[RAF Akrotiri]], Cyprus to support refugees sheltering from [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State militants]] in the [[Mount Sinjar]] region of Iraq. The decision came three days after the [[2014 military intervention against ISIS|United States began conducting air attacks against the Islamic State]]. Tornados were pre-positioned to gather situational awareness in the region.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-to-deploy-tornados-in-support-of-iraq-operations-402592/ "UK to deploy Tornados in support of Iraq operations."] Flightglobal.com, 12 August 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=RAF Tornado jets in Cyprus for Iraq aid mission |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28758370 |work=BBC News |date=12 August 2014}}</ref> On 27 September 2014, after Parliament approved airstrikes against Islamic State forces inside Iraq, two Tornados conducted their first armed reconnaissance mission in conjunction with coalition aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-27 |title=Iraq air strikes: RAF Tornado jets begin first combat mission against |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-air-strikes-raf-tornado-jets-begin-first-combat-mission-against-isis-9759475.html |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> The next day, two Tornados made the first airstrike on a heavy weapons post and an armoured vehicle, supporting [[Peshmerga|Kurdish forces]] in northwest Iraq.<ref>[http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140930/NEWS08/309300068/Kurds-claim-advances-Iraq-Britain-joins-fray "Kurds claim advances in Iraq as Britain joins fray."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930232000/http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140930/NEWS08/309300068/Kurds-claim-advances-Iraq-Britain-joins-fray |date=30 September 2014 }} Militarytimes.com, 30 September 2014.</ref>

By 1 March 2015, eight RAF Tornados had been deployed to Akrotiri and conducted 159 airstrikes against IS targets in Iraq.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-details-extent-of-combat-activity-over-iraq-409617/ "UK details extent of combat activity over Iraq."] Flightglobal.com, 2 March 2015.</ref> On 2 December 2015, Parliament approved air strikes in Syria as well as Iraq to combat the growing threat of [[ISIL]]; Tornados began bombing that evening.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34992032 |title=Syria air strikes: RAF Tornado jets carry out bombing |date=3 December 2015 |work= BBC News}}</ref> On 14 April 2018, four Tornado GR4s from RAF Akrotiri struck a Syrian military facility with [[Storm Shadow]] cruise missiles in response to a suspected [[Douma chemical attack|chemical attack]] on [[Douma, Syria|Douma]] by the Syrian regime the previous week.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43763605/ "Four RAF fighters bomb Syria 'chemical weapon stockpile'."] ''BBC News'', 14 April 2018.</ref>

[[File:EGYM - Panavia Tornado GR4 - Royal Air Force - ZG752 (46173515434).jpg|thumb|Tornado GR4 in a retro scheme to mark the Tornado GR4's retirement departing [[RAF Marham]], January 2019]]
On 10 July 2018, nine Tornado GR4s from RAF Marham flew over London to celebrate 100 years of the RAF.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44775939 |title=RAF centenary: Thousands watch flypast |work=BBC News |date=10 July 2018}}</ref> During late 2018, the RAF commemorated the Tornado's service with three special schemes:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/royal-air-force-commemorates-iconic-tornado-fast-jet/ |title=ROYAL AIR FORCE COMMEMORATES ICONIC TORNADO FAST JET |publisher=Royal Air Force |date=25 January 2019}}</ref> ''ZG752'' paid homage to its early years with a green/grey wraparound camouflage; ''ZG775'' and ''ZD716'' both wore schemes commemorating the final units to operate the type – No. IX (B) Squadron and No. 31 Squadron respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://combataircraft.keypublishing.com/2019/01/24/rafs-tornado-retro-jet-in-action/ |title=RAF's Tornado 'retro jet' in action |publisher=Combat Aircraft |date=24 January 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref> On 31 January 2019, the Tornado GR4 flew its last operational sorties in [[Operation Shader]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Jon |last=Lake |url=https://www.janes.com/article/86148/raf-typhoons-replace-tornados-in-operation-shader-armed-with-brimstone-for-first-time |title=RAF Typhoons replace Tornados in Operation 'Shader' armed with Brimstone for first time |publisher=Jane's 360 |date=4 February 2019}}</ref> The eight Tornados formerly stationed at RAF Akrotiri returned to RAF Marham in early February 2019, their duties assumed by six Typhoons.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-47137790 |title=Tornado fighter jets return to RAF Marham for retirement |work=BBC News |date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Between September 2014 and January 2019, RAF Tornados accounted for 31% of the estimated 4,315 casualties inflicted upon ISIL by the RAF during the operation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-47477197 |title=RAF killed '4,000 fighters in Iraq and Syria' |work=BBC News |date=7 March 2019}}</ref>

To celebrate 40 years of service and to mark the type's retirement, several flypasts were carried out on 19, 20 and 21 February 2019 over locations such as BAE Warton, RAF Honington and RAF Lossiemouth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/britain-to-celebrate-iconic-tornado-during-farewell-flypast/ |title=BRITAIN TO CELEBRATE ICONIC TORNADO DURING FAREWELL FLYPAST |publisher=Royal Air Force |date=19 February 2019}}</ref> On 28 February, nine Tornados flew out of RAF Marham for a diamond nine formation flypast over a graduation parade at [[RAF Cranwell]] before returning and carrying out a series of passes over RAF Marham.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/east-anglian-formation-farewell-to-royal-air-force-icon/ |title=EAST ANGLIAN FORMATION FAREWELL TO ROYAL AIR FORCE ICON |publisher=Royal Air Force |date=1 March 2019}}</ref> On 14 March 2019 the final flight of an RAF Tornado was carried out by Tornado GR4 ''ZA463'', the oldest remaining Tornado, over RAF Marham during the disbandment parade of No. IX (B) Squadron and No. 31 Squadron.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/tornado-squadrons-disbandment-parade/ |title=TORNADO SQUADRONS DISBANDMENT PARADE |publisher=Royal Air Force |date=14 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/03/14/history-raf-tornado-pictures/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/03/14/history-raf-tornado-pictures/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The history of the RAF Tornado, in pictures |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=London |date=14 March 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Tornado GR4 was officially retired from RAF service on 1 April 2019, the 101st anniversary of the force.<ref name="RAFretire"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/royal-air-force-chief-of-the-air-staff-takes-final-tornado-flight-over-scotland/ |title=ROYAL AIR FORCE CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF TAKES FINAL TORNADO FLIGHT OVER SCOTLAND |publisher=Royal Air Force |date=22 February 2019}}</ref> Post-retirement, five Tornados returned to RAF Honington via road for the Complex Air Ground Environment (CAGE), which simulates a Tornado flight line for training purposes.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Bishop |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/tornado-training-at-honington-1-6144924 |title=RAF Tornados return to their original home |website=Eastern Daily Press |date=5 July 2019}}</ref>

On 2 July 2023, it was reported that pylons from decommissioned RAF Panavia Tornado GR4s had been fitted to Ukrainian [[Su-24]]s, so that they could launch the Storm Shadow missile. These Su-24s can carry at least two [[Storm Shadow missile]]s at a time. Unlike missiles carried by the Tornado, it was reported, missiles carried by the Su-24 required the coordinates of targets to be entered before takeoff, while the aircraft was on the ground.<ref>{{cite web |title=US-Supplied JDAM-ER Glide Bombs Appear On Ukrainian Jets For The First |author= STEFANO D'URSO|url=https://theaviationist.com/2023/07/05/jdam-er-on-ukrainian-jets/ |website=theaviationist |date= 5 July 2023 |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ukrainian Su-24s are using Tornado weapon pylons |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukrainian-su-24s-are-using-tornado-weapon-pylons/ |website=Militarnyi |access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>

===Royal Saudi Air Force===
[[File:Panavia Tornado IDS 7507 (9624799718).jpg|thumb|RSAF Tornado IDS ''7507'' of 75 Squadron arriving at [[RAF Coningsby]], August 2013]]

In 1984, [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] pilots visited RAF Honington to fly and evaluate the Tornado GR1.<ref name="saudi"/> On 25 September 1985, the UK and Saudi Arabia signed the [[Al Yamamah I]] contract which included the sale of 48 IDS and 24 ADV Tornadoes.<ref>Taylor 2001, pp. 189–190.</ref> In October 1985, four RSAF crews joined the Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment at RAF Cottesmore.<ref name="saudi"/> The first flight of a Saudi Tornado IDS (''701'') was on 17 February 1986,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ukserials.com/results?serial=ZD |title=Displaying Serials in range ZD |website=ukserials.com |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> and the first four IDS were delivered to [[King Abdul Aziz Air Base]], Dharan in 26 March 1986.<ref name="saudi"/> The first Saudi Tornado squadron formed was [[No. 7 Squadron RSAF|No. 7 Squadron]], which had received 20 aircraft by 8 October 1987.<ref name="saudi"/> The first Saudi ADV (''2905'') flew on 1 December 1988,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ukserials.com/results?serial=ZE |title=Displaying Serials in range ZE |website=ukserials.com |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> and the first deliveries arrived in Saudi Arabia on 20 March 1989.<ref name="saudi"/> The first two RSAF ADV squadrons, [[No. 29 Squadron RSAF|Nos. 29]] and [[No. 34 Squadron RSAF|34 Squadron]]s, were formed and reached their full strength of 12 aircraft each by 1990.<ref name="saudi"/>

In the run-up to the Gulf War, the RSAF began to pool its Tornado squadrons together, with the joint 24 aircraft strong ADV unit flying missions as part of [[Operation Desert Shield]].<ref name="saudi"/> Saudi Tornados took part in the Gulf War, with No. 7 Squadron carrying out their first mission on the night of 17 January 1991.<ref name="saudi"/> In total, the RSAF flew 665 Tornado IDS sorties and 451 ADV sorties, seeing the loss of one IDS (''765'') on the night of 19/20 January.<ref name="saudi"/> In June 1993, the [[Al Yamamah II]] contract was signed, the main element of which was 48 additional IDSs.<ref>Fairhill, David. "Britain signs 6&nbsp;billion pounds Saudi arms contract." ''The Guardian,'' 9 July 1988.</ref><ref>Koch and Long 2003, pp. 81–82.</ref>

Following experience with both the Tornado and the [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle]], the RSAF discontinued low-level mission training in the F-15E in light of the Tornado's superior low-altitude flight performance.<ref name=cord_210/> Ten of the Saudi Tornados were fitted with equipment for performing reconnaissance missions. The 22 Tornado ADVs were replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon; the retired aircraft were purchased back by the UK.<ref>Cordesman 2007, p. 214.</ref>

By 2007, both the [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] anti-ship missile and the [[ALARM]] [[anti-radiation missile]] that previously equipped the RSAF's Tornados had been withdrawn from service.<ref name=cord_210>Cordesman 2007, p. 210.</ref> As of 2010,{{update inline|date=May 2020}} Saudi Arabia has signed several contracts for new weapon systems to be fitted to their Tornado and Typhoon fleets, such as the short range air-to-air [[IRIS-T]] missile, and the Brimstone and Storm Shadow missiles.<ref>Chuter, Andrew. [https://archive.today/20120727234752/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4506705 "Saudi Arabia Buys MBDA Missiles."] ''DefenseNews,'' 19 February 2010.</ref>

In September 2006, the Saudi government signed a contract worth £2.5&nbsp;billion (US$4.7&nbsp;billion) with [[BAE Systems]] to upgrade up to 80 RSAF Tornado IDS aircraft to keep them in service until 2020. The first RSAF Tornado was returned to BAE Systems Warton in December 2006 for upgrade under the "Tornado Sustainment Programme" (TSP) to "equip the IDS fleet with a range of new precision-guided weapons and enhanced targeting equipment, in many cases common with those systems already fielded by the UK's Tornado GR4s."<ref name='saudi upgrade'>Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/09/18/216775/saudi-arabia-reveals-progress-of-tornado-upgrade.html "Saudi Arabia reveals progress of Tornado upgrade."] ''Flight International,'' 18 September 2007.</ref> In December 2007, the first RSAF aircraft to complete modernisation was returned to Saudi Arabia.<ref>"First Upgraded Tornado Re-delivered to Royal Saudi Air Force." ''AirForces Monthly,'' February 2008, p. 19.</ref>

Starting from the first week of November 2009, RSAF Tornados, along with Saudi F-15s performed air raids during the [[Shia insurgency in Yemen|Shia insurgency]] in north Yemen. It was the first time since [[Operation Desert Storm]] in 1991 that the RSAF had participated in a military operation over hostile territory.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna33670149 "Saudis bomb Yemen rebels across border."] ''Associated Press,'' 5 November 2009.</ref> RSAF Tornados are playing a central role in [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11584269/Saudis-UK-made-war-jets-outnumber-RAFs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11584269/Saudis-UK-made-war-jets-outnumber-RAFs.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Saudis' UK-made war jets outnumber RAF's |date= 5 May 2015 |work= The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 7 January 2018, [[Houthis|Houthi fighters]] claimed to have shot down a Saudi warplane which was conducting air-raids over northern Yemen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://muraselon.com/en/2018/01/breaking-houthi-rebels-shoot-saudi-tornado-warplane-north-yemen/|title=Breaking: Houthi rebels shoot down Saudi Tornado warplane in north Yemen – Muraselon|date=7 January 2018|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407222228/https://muraselon.com/en/2018/01/breaking-houthi-rebels-shoot-saudi-tornado-warplane-north-yemen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Saudi reports, the downed aircraft was an RSAF Tornado which was on a combat mission over [[Saada Governorate|Saada province]] in northern Yemen, it was lost for 'technical reasons' and both crew were rescued.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saudi warplane crashes in Yemen; pilots escape |date=7 January 2018 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/saudi-warplane-crashes-yemen-pilots-escape-180107182349027.html}}</ref>

On 12 July 2018, another RSAF Tornado crashed in Asir region after returning from Saada, Yemen due to a technical malfunction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ammonnews.net/article/384382|title=سقوط مقاتلة سعودية في عسير ونجاة طياريها|language=ar|date=12 July 2018}}</ref> On 14 February 2020, a Saudi Tornado was shot down during [[close air support]] mission in support of Saudi allied Yemeni forces in the Yemeni Al Jouf governorate by Houthis. On the day after, the Saudi command confirmed the loss of a Tornado, while a video was released showing the downing using a two-stage surface to air missile. Both pilots ejected and were captured by Houthis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://debriefer.net/en/news-14986.html|title=Saudi Tornado two pilots captured by Houthis|date=February 16, 2020|website=debriefer.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theaviationist.com/2020/02/15/ir-video-shows-the-moment-a-saudi-tornado-attack-jet-was-shot-down-by-houthi-rebels-over-yemen/|title=IR Video Shows The Moment A Saudi Tornado Attack Jet Was Shot Down by Houthi Rebels Over Yemen|first=David|last=Cenciotti|date=February 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-16/saudi-pilots-missing-as-yemen-rebels-say-they-downed-fighter-jet|title=Saudi Pilots Missing as Yemen Rebels Say They Downed Fighter Jet|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=16 February 2020|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>

==Variants==

==={{anchor|IDS}}Tornado IDS===
{{multiple image
 |direction = vertical
 |width     = 220
 |image1    = tornado gr4 za597 kemble arp.jpg
 |image_caption1  = RAF Tornado GR4 ''ZA597'' displaying at [[Kemble Air Show]] in 2008, the wings are partially swept
 |image2    = AGM-88 and AIM-9 on Tornado.jpg
 |image_caption2  = Luftwaffe Tornado ECR ''46+54'' participating in [[Operation Allied Force]] in April 1999
 |image3    = Panavia Tornado F.3, Italy - Air Force JP6705530.jpg
 |image_caption3  = [[Aeronautica Militare]] Tornado F3 ''MM7234'' of 36º Stormo at [[Gioia del Colle Air Base]], 2002
<!-- Please do not add more images here as it disrupts the spacing -->
}}
;Tornado GR1
RAF IDS (interdictor/strike) variants were initially designated the [[British military aircraft designation systems|Tornado GR1]] with later modified aircraft designated Tornado GR1A, Tornado GR1B, Tornado GR4 and Tornado GR4A. The first of 228 GR1s was delivered on 5 June 1979, and the type entered service in the early 1980s.

;Tornado GR1B
The Tornado GR1B was a specialised anti-shipping variant of the GR1, replacing the [[Blackburn Buccaneer]]. 26 aircraft were converted and were based at [[RAF Lossiemouth]], Scotland.<ref name="WAPJ30 p117">Lake ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 30, p. 117.</ref> Each aircraft was equipped to carry up to four [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] anti-ship missiles.<ref name="lame" /> At first the GR1B lacked the radar capability to track shipping, instead relying on the missile's seeker for target acquisition; later updates allowed target data to be passed from aircraft to missile.<ref name="WAPJ33 p105">Donald ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 33, p. 105.</ref>

;Tornado GR1P
A single Tornado GR1 (ZA326, the eighth production aircraft) was re-designated GR1P after being partially rebuilt using parts from different production batches following a fire during engine testing. This aircraft served with the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] and the [[Empire Test Pilot's School]] until 2005, when it was retired, being the last GR1 in service anywhere in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tornado ZA326 |url=https://ptpg.org/tornado-za326/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Panavia Tornado Preservation Group |language=en-GB}}</ref>
;Tornado GR4
The UK [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] began studies for a GR1 Mid-Life Update (MLU) in 1984.<ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Flight International World Aircraft and Systems Directory |publisher=Reed Business Information Ltd. |page=187 |date=2001 |isbn=0-617-01289-X}}</ref> The update to GR4 standard, approved in 1994, would improve capability in the medium-altitude role based on lessons learned from the GR1's performance in the 1991 Gulf War. British Aerospace (later BAE Systems) upgraded 142 Tornado GR1s to GR4 standard, beginning in 1996 and finished in 2003.<ref name =BAE_GR4_up/> 59 RAF aircraft later received the CUSP avionics package which integrated the Paveway IV bomb and installed a new secure communications module from Cassidian in Phase A,<ref name=Fish20140716/><ref name=Hoyle20080109 /> followed by the Tactical Information Exchange (TIE) datalink from General Dynamics in Phase B.<ref name=Fish20140716/><ref name=Hoyle20080109 />

;Tornado GR1A/GR4A
The GR1A is the reconnaissance variant operated by the RAF and RSAF, fitted with the TIRRS (Tornado Infra-Red Reconnaissance System), replacing the cannon.<ref name="evans p98-9">Evans 1999, pp. 98–99.</ref> The RAF ordered 30 GR1As, 14 as GR1 rebuilds and 16 new aircraft.<ref name="evans p97">Evans 1999, p. 97.</ref> When the Tornado GR1s were upgraded to become GR4s, GR1A aircraft were upgraded to GR4A standard.<ref name="AIAp08 p24">Lake ''Air International'' April 2008, p. 24.</ref> The switch from low-level operations to medium/high-level operations means that the internal TIRRS was no longer used.<ref name="AIAp08 p28">Lake ''Air International'' April 2008, p. 28.</ref> As the GR4A's internal sensors are no longer essential, the RAF's Tactical Reconnaissance Wing operated both GR4A and GR4 aircraft.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafmarham/aboutus/iiacsqnhistorycurrent.cfm "II (AC) Squadron History&nbsp;– Current."] ''Royal Air Force,'' Retrieved: 4 December 2011.</ref>

==={{anchor|Tornado ECR|ECR}} Tornado ECR===
Operated by Germany and Italy, the ECR (Electronic Combat / Reconnaissance) is a Tornado variant devoted to [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses]] (SEAD) missions. It was first delivered on 21 May 1990. The ECR has sensors to detect radar usage and is equipped with anti-radiation [[AGM-88 HARM]] missiles.<ref name=janes_237/> The Luftwaffe's 35 ECRs were delivered new, while Italy received 16 converted IDSs. Italian Tornado ECRs differ from the Luftwaffe aircraft as they lack built-in reconnaissance capability and use RecceLite reconnaissance pods. Only Luftwaffe ECRs are equipped with the RB199 Mk.105 engine, which has a higher thrust rating.<ref name=Janes_241>Jackson et al. 1998, p. 241.</ref> The German ECRs do not carry a cannon.<ref>Davies, Steve. "German SEAD: The Tornado ECRs of JaBoG 32." ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', March 2003, p. 32.</ref> The RAF used the IDS version in the SEAD role instead of the ECR and also modified several of its Tornado F.3s to undertake the mission.<ref name=EF3>{{cite web|url= http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/tornadof3.cfm|title= Tornado F3|publisher= Royal Air Force|access-date= 26 March 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080314040710/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/tornadof3.cfm|archive-date= 14 March 2008|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

===Tornado ADV===
{{main|Panavia Tornado ADV}}
The Tornado ADV (air defence variant) was an [[interceptor aircraft|interceptor]] variant of the Tornado, developed for the RAF (designated Tornado F2 or F3) and also operated by Saudi Arabia and Italy. The ADV had inferior agility to fighters like the [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle]],<ref>Haglund 1989, p. 70.</ref> but was not intended as a dogfighter, rather as a long-endurance interceptor to counter the threat from Cold War bombers.<ref name= 'eagles'>Eagles 1991, p. 88.</ref> Although the ADV had 80% parts commonality with the Tornado IDS, the ADV had greater acceleration, improved RB199 Mk.104 engines, a stretched body, greater fuel capacity, the [[AI.24 Foxhunter]] radar, and software changes. It had only one cannon to accommodate a retractable [[inflight refuelling|inflight refuelling probe]].<ref name='eagles 88-91'>Eagles 1991, pp. 88–91.</ref><ref name='turbounion'>[http://www.turbounion.co.uk/ "Turbo-Union: The Power for Peace and Freedom."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918111713/http://www.turbounion.co.uk/ |date=18 September 2011 }} ''turbounion.co.uk.'' Retrieved: 29 November 2011.</ref>

==Operators==
{{main|List of Panavia Tornado operators}}

[[File:Tornado operators.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Operators {{legend|#0000ff|Current}}{{legend|#ed1c24|Former}}]]

;{{GER}}
* '''[[German Air Force|Luftwaffe]]''': 210 IDS and 35 ECR Tornados delivered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panavia.de/nations/germany/ |title=Nations – Germany |publisher=Panavia Aircraft GmbH |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> By December 2018, 94 IDS and 28 ECR aircraft remained in service.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/21905/waf/|title=World Air Forces 2018|website=Flightglobal.com|language=en-GB|access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref>
* '''[[Marineflieger]]''': 112 IDS Tornados delivered, retired in June 2005 with some aircraft being reallocated to the Luftwaffe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panavia.de/operations/squadrons/germany/ |title=Operations – Germany |publisher=Panavia Aircraft GmbH |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
;{{ITA}}
* '''[[Aeronautica Militare]]''': 100 IDS A-200 Tornados delivered (18 converted to ECR EA-200s),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panavia.de/nations/italy/ |title=Nations – Italy |publisher=Panavia Aircraft GmbH |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> 24 ADV F3 aircraft later leased from the RAF between 1995 and 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panavia.de/operations/squadrons/italy/ |title=Operations – Italy |publisher=Panavia Aircraft GmbH |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> By December 2018, 70 A-200 and 5 EA-200 aircraft remained in service.<ref name=":0" />

;{{SAU}}
* '''[[Royal Saudi Air Force]]''': 96 IDS and 24 ADV Tornados delivered,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panavia.de/nations/kingdom-of-saudi-arabia/ |title=Nations – Saudi Arabia |publisher=Panavia Aircraft GmbH |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> ADVs retired in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panavia.de/operations/squadrons/saudi-arabia/ |title=Operations – Saudi Arabia |publisher=Panavia Aircraft GmbH |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> By December 2018, 81 IDS aircraft remained in service.<ref name=":0" />

===Former operators===
;{{UK}}
* '''[[Royal Air Force]]''': 385 IDS GR1 and ADV F2/F3 Tornados delivered, including 230 GR1s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/aircraft/types/type-details/panavia-tornado-ids.htm |title=Panavia Tornado IDS |website=Aeroflight |date=26 June 2016 |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> (142 later upgraded to GR4s),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/18684/raf-receives-final-upgraded-tornado-gr4.html |title=RAF Takes Delivery of Last Tornado GR4 |website=Defense Aerospace (archived from Royal Air Force) |date=10 June 2003 |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> 18 F2s and 147 F3s (retired in 2011).<ref>{{cite book |last=Chesneau |first=Roger |title=Tornado ADV Aeroguide 21 |date=1988 |publisher=Linewrights |location=Essex |isbn=0946958262 |page=9}}</ref><ref name="UKSqn">{{cite web |url=https://www.panavia.de/operations/squadrons/united-kingdom/ |title=Operations – United Kingdom |publisher=Panavia Aircraft GmbH |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> GR4 was retired on 1 April 2019.<ref name="RAFretire">{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/RoyalAirForceMarham/posts/2120721548048161 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/353862721400728/2120721548048161 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|title=Today is the final day of RAF service for the Tornado |publisher=RAF Marham (Facebook) |date=31 March 2019 |access-date=1 April 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Aircraft on display==
{{multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| image1            = Tornado 44+96 at Jagel pic3.JPG
| image_caption1          = [[Gate guardian]] Tornado IDS ''44+96'' on display at [[Schleswig Air Base]]
| image2            = Panavia Tornado F3 MM7210 36-12 (6571710449).jpg
| image_caption2          = Tornado F3 ''MM7210'' at the [[Italian Air Force Museum]]
| image3            = Panavia Tornado USAF.jpg
| image_caption3          = Tornado GR1 ''ZA374'' at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]]
| image4            = Tornado F3 ZH552 gate guardian RAF Leeming.jpg
| image_caption4          = Tornado F3 ''ZH552'' [[gate guardian]] of [[RAF Leeming]]
| image5            = 43+74 Panavia Tornado IDS German Marine (8738052307).jpg
| image_caption5          = Tornado IDS ''43+74'' of the German Navy on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum, Arizona
| image6            = Panavia Tornado, Imperial War Museum, Duxford, May 19th 2018. (46653603632).jpg
| image_caption6          = Tornado GR4 ''ZA469'' at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]]
| image7            = Panavia Tornado IDS '45+30' (15750730342).jpg
| image_caption7          = Tornado IDS ''45+30'' at [[Aeronauticum]], Nordholz
| image8            = Tornado_GR4_ZD744_-_092.jpg
| image_caption8          = Panavia Tornado GR4 ''ZD744'' at [[Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre]]
}}

;Australia
* ''ZG791'' Tornado GR4 on display at [[Aviation Heritage Museum (Western Australia)|Aviation Heritage Museum]], [[Bull Creek, Western Australia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://australianaviation.com.au/2022/06/british-raf-donates-tornado-to-wa-museum/|title=British RAF donates Tornado to WA museum|publisher=Australian Aviation|date=20 June 2022}}</ref>

;Austria
* ''44+66'' Tornado IDS on display at [[Groß-Siegharts]], [[Lower Austria]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siegharts.at/de/Gasslfest_-_Firma_Test-Fuchs |title=Gasslfest – Firma Test-Fuchs |website=Stadtgemeinde Groß-Siegharts |language=de |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=6 March 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3948 |title=Gross Siegharts, Austria |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

;Bulgaria
* ''44+13'' Tornado IDS on display at the [[National Museum of Military History (Bulgaria)|National Museum of Military History]], Sofia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarymuseum.bg/Pages/Exposures/Outside/Outside-en.html|title=NMMH – Outside|website=www.militarymuseum.bg|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727074902/http://www.militarymuseum.bg/Pages/Exposures/Outside/Outside-en.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Estonia
* ''ZE256'' Tornado F3 on display at the [[Estonian Aviation Museum]], Lange.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=5178 |title=Tartu – Haaslavavald, Estonia |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>

;Germany
* ''D-9591'' Tornado Prototype P.01 on display at [[Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow]].<ref>Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow. [https://m2.facebook.com/MHMGatow/albums/322485887849005/?refid=17] Tornado – Der erste Protoyp jetzt in Gatow, October 2012 (German). Retrieved 5 October 2014.</ref>
* ''XX948'' Tornado Prototype P.06 on display at [[Hermeskeil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flugausstellung.de/ |title=Flugzeuge |website=Flugausstellung Museum |language=de |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>
<!-- *''43+01'' Tornado IDS (first series aircraft) at [[Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 33]] in Cochem / Büchel <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rhein-zeitung.de/region/lokales/mittelmosel_artikel,-Bestandsgaranten-fuer-Buechel-Tornados-sollen-laenger-fliegen-_arid,1211649.html#.VMpiuy7P6PU |title=Bestandsgaranten für Büchel? Tornados sollen länger fliegen |publisher=Rhein-Zeitung |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=29 January 2015}}</ref> think this might have been scrapped -->
* ''43+55'' Tornado IDS on display at [[Aeronauticum]], Nordholz.<ref name="Nordholz">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=1960 |title=Nordholz – Museum, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''43+70'' Tornado IDS on display at [[Büchel Air Base]], Cochem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3366 |title=Buchel, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''43+86'' Tornado IDS (MTU corporate design paint scheme) at [[MTU Aero Engines]], Munich.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3850 |title=Munich – Karlsfeld, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>
* ''43+96'' Tornado IDS on display at Wengerohr, [[Wittlich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3829 |title=Wengerohr, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.volksfreund.de/region/wittlich/letzter-einsatz-fuer-den-tornado_aid-6451926 |title=Letzter Einsatz für den Tornado |website=Trierischer Volksfreund |language=de |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''44+31'' Tornado IDS (Blue Lightning paint scheme) of the 31st Fighter Bomber Wing "[[Boelcke]]" at [[Nörvenich AB]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3115 |title=Norvenich, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>
* ''44+35'' Tornado IDS on display at the [[Cologne Bonn Airport]], Cologne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=1721 |title=Koln – Bonn, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''44+56'' Tornado IDS on display at Fliegergeschichtliche Museum TG JaboG 34, [[Memmingen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3272 |title=Memmingen, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.echo34allgaeu.de/index.php/verein/museum/flugzeug-technik |title=Flugzuge / Technik |website=TradGemJaboG 34 "Allgäu" |language=de |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235645/http://www.echo34allgaeu.de/index.php/verein/museum/flugzeug-technik |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''44+68'' Tornado IDS on display at the [[Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=1511 |title=Berlin – Gatow Museum, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m2.facebook.com/pg/MHMGatow/photos/?tab=album&album_id=781355848628671 |title=Placing Aircraft in Hangar 7 |publisher=Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow (Facebook) |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref>
* ''44+84'' Tornado IDS on display at [[Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base]], Fürstenfeldbruck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3227 |title=Furstenfeldbruck, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''44+96'' Tornado IDS gate guard at [[Schleswig Air Base]] in Jagel, near [[Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3339 |title=Schleswig – Jagel, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''44+97'' Tornado IDS of the ''Einsatzgeschwader (Expeditionary Air Wing) [[Mazar-i-Sharif]]'' at the [[Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim]], [[Oberschleißheim]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deutsches-museum.de/en/flugwerft/collections/jet-aircraft/tornado-ids/ |title=Panavia Tornado IDS/Recce |website=Deutsches Museum |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228123640/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/en/flugwerft/collections/jet-aircraft/tornado-ids |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''45+30'' Tornado IDS on display at [[Aeronauticum]], Nordholz.<ref name="Nordholz"/>
* ''45+44'' Tornado IDS gate guard at [[Büchel Air Base]], Cochem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3367 |title=Cochem, Germany |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

;Italy
* ''MM7001'' Pre-production Tornado P.14 on display at [[Cameri|Cameri Air Base]], Cameri.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=1243 |title=Cameri – airfield, Italy |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''MM7046'' Tornado A-200 gate guard at [[Ghedi Air Base]], Brescia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=5486 |title=Ghedi, Italy |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''MM7080'' Tornado A-200 gate guard at [[Aviano Air Base]], Pordenone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=5228 |title=Aviano, Italy |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''MM7210'' (ex-''ZE836'')<ref name="AMM">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=2777 |title=Vigna di Valle, Italy |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref> Tornado F3 on display at the [[Italian Air Force Museum]], Vigna di Valle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/storia/museostorico/Pagine/PanaviaTornadoADV.aspx |title=PANAVIA TORNADO ADV |publisher=Ministero della Difesa |language=it |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>

;Netherlands
* ''XX947'' Tornado Prototype P.03 on display at PS Aero, [[Baarlo]], painted as ''98+08'' of the German Air Force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psaero.com/aeroplanes/tornado-p-72.html |title=Tornado |website=PS Aero |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukserials.com/results?serial=XX |title=Displaying Serials in range XX |website=ukserials.com |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>

;Saudi Arabia
* ''765'' Tornado IDS on display at [[King Abdul-Aziz Air Base]], Dhahran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/saudi_arabia.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302134031/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/saudi_arabia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2018 |title=Chronological Listing of Royal Saudi Air Force Ejections and Losses |website=Ejection History (archived) |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Tony |last=Withers |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/claritoneve/5681511137 |title=RSAF Gate Guardian Panavia Tornado IDS 765 – Dhahran, Saudi Arabia |website=Flickr |date=January 1998 |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>
* ''2915'' Tornado ADV on display at the [[Royal Saudi Air Force Museum]] in Riyadh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationmuseum.eu/Blogvorm/saqr-aljazeera-aviation-museum/ |title=Saqr Aljazeera Aviation Museum |website=aviationmuseum.eu |date=25 November 2016 |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>

;United Kingdom
* ''XX946'' Tornado Prototype P.02 on display at the [[RAF Museum Cosford]], England.<ref name="PO1">Simpson, Andrew. [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120403133852/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/cosford/collections/aircraft/aircraft_histories/1994%2D1458%2DA%20Tornado%20PO2%20XX946.pdf "Individual History: Panavia Tornado PO.2 XX946/8883M (Museum Accession Number 1994/1458/A)."] ''Royal Air Force Museum'', 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2011.</ref>
* ''XZ630'' Pre-production Tornado P.12 on display as a GR4 on the parade ground at [[RAF Halton]], Buckinghamshire, England.<ref name="demobbed">{{cite web |url=http://www.demobbed.org.uk/aircraft.php?type=1100 |title=Panavia Tornado |website=demobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/RoyalAirForceHalton/posts/tornado-gets-a-spruce-upthe-panavia-tornado-xz630-that-stands-proudly-on-henders/594382997352162/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/158890200901446/594382997352162 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|title=TORNADO GETS A SPRUCE UP |publisher=RAF Halton (Facebook) |date=16 May 2017 |access-date=6 February 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* ''XZ631'' Tornado GR4 Prototype P.15 on display at [[Yorkshire Air Museum]], Elvington, England.<ref name="York">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101012155440/http://www.yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/aircraft-exhibits/post-world-war-ii-aircraft "Post World War II Aircraft."] ''Yorkshire Air Museum''. Retrieved 5 December 2011.</ref>
* ''ZA267'' Tornado F2T on display at [[RAF Syerston]], Nottinghamshire, England.<ref name="Syerston">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=2326 |title=RAF Syerston, Nottinghamshire |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>
* ''ZA319'' Tornado GR1T on display at the [[Boscombe Down Aviation Collection]], Wiltshire, England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=2000 |title=Old Sarum – Museum, Wiltshire |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>
* ''ZA326'' Tornado GR1P on display at South Wales Aviation Museum, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.<ref name="demobbed" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://flypast.keypublishing.com/2019/01/09/raspberry-ripple-tornado-completes-move-to-st-athan/ |title='Raspberry Ripple' Tornado completes move to St Athan |publisher=Flypast |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
* ''ZA354'' Tornado GR1 on display at [[Yorkshire Air Museum]], Elvington, England.<ref name="York"/>
* ''ZA357'' Tornado GR1 on display at RAF Syerston, Nottinghamshire, England.<ref name="Syerston"/>
<!-- *''ZA328'' Tornado GR1 Used for Apprentice Training, BAE Systems Training School, [[Preston, Lancashire]] not on public display. -->
<!--* ''ZA362'' Tornado GR1 previously on display at [[Inverness Airport#Highland Aviation Museum|Highland Aviation Museum]], Inverness, Scotland until December 2020. Restoration work is currently underway, including replacement of damaged parts.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}-->
* ''ZA398'' Tornado GR4A on display at Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre, Cornwall, England<ref name="CAHC">{{cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=Two RAF JARTS Tornados coming to Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre |url=http://www.cornwallaviationhc.co.uk/two-raf-jarts-tornados-coming-cornwall-aviation-heritage-centre-click/ |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre}}</ref>
* ''ZA399'' Tornado GR1 on display in [[Knutsford]], Cheshire, England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=8886 |title=Knutsford, Cheshire |website=demobbed.org.uk |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>
<!--*''ZA407'' Tornado GR1B used as a ground instructor at [[RAF Marham]], Norfolk, England, having previously been on display.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=1849 |title=RAF Marham, Norfolk |website=demobbed.org.uk |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lynnnews.co.uk/sport/raf-marham-team-gearing-up-for-welsh-challenge-1-8216009/ |title=RAF Marham team gearing up for Welsh challenge |newspaper=Lynn News |location=Kings Lynn |date=27 October 2017 |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>-->
* ''ZA452'' Tornado GR4 on display at [[Midland Air Museum]], [[Coventry]], England.<ref>Ellis 2014, p. 274</ref>
* ''ZA457'' Tornado GR1B on display at [[Royal Air Force Museum London]], Hendon, England.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080413103758/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/london/collections/aircraft/panavia-tornado-gr1.cfm "Panavia Tornado GR1B Aircraft History."] ''Royal Air Force Museum'', 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2011.</ref>
* ''ZA463'' Tornado GR4 on the gate at [[RAF Lossiemouth]], Scotland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/stations/raf-lossiemouth/news/raf-lossiemouth-honours-memory-of-tornado-gr4-aircrew-with-new-gate-guardian/ |title=RAF Lossiemouth Honours Memory of Tornado GR4 Aircrew with New Gate Guardian |website=Royal Air Force |date=13 June 2023 |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>
* ''ZA465'' Tornado GR1 on display at [[Imperial War Museum]], Duxford, England.<ref name="ellis23">Ellis 2014, p. 23</ref>
* ''ZA469'' Tornado GR4 on display at [[Imperial War Museum]], Duxford, England.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-cambridgeshire-43759189/tornado-jet-added-to-imperial-war-museum-duxford |title=Tornado jet added to Imperial War Museum Duxford |work=BBC News |date=14 April 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Elliott |url=https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/tornado-jet-war-museum-duxford-14519454 |title=Tornado fighter jet which flew in Afghanistan and Libya has gone on display in Cambridgeshire |newspaper=Cambridge News |location=Cambridge |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>
<!--* ''ZA475'' Tornado GR1 was previously on the gate at [[RAF Lossiemouth]], Scotland. Removed to become a range target at RAF Spadeadam.<ref>Ellis 2014, p. 314</ref>-->
* ''ZA556'' Tornado GR4 on display at the [[Defence Academy of the United Kingdom]], [[Shrivenham]], England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=2227 |title=Shrivenham – Defence College, Oxfordshire |website=demobbed.org.uk |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=DefAcUK |number=1114156328426065922 |date=5 April 2019 |title=The final assembly of '047' is now complete!}}</ref>
* ''ZA607'' Tornado GR4 on the gate at [[MoD Sealand]], Wales.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deeside.com/new-tornado-gate-guardian-takes-pride-of-place-in-sealand/ |title=New Tornado Gate Guardian takes pride of place in Sealand |website=Deeside |date=25 February 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''ZA614'' Tornado GR4 on the gate at [[RAF Marham]], Norfolk, England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=1849 |title=RAF Marham, Norfolk |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>
* ''ZD744'' Tornado GR4 on display at [[Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre]], Angus, Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/angus-mearns/3313773/montrose-raf-tornado-display/|title=Montrose Tornado will blow visitors away as Angus air station's star attraction|work=The Courier|date=20 May 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''ZE204'' Tornado F3 on display at the [[North East Land, Sea and Air Museums]], Tyne and Wear, England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=2308 |title=Sunderland Museum, Tyne & Wear |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>
* ''ZE760'' Tornado F3 on the gate at [[RAF Coningsby]], Lincolnshire, England.<ref>Ellis 2014, p. 138</ref>
* ''ZE887'' Tornado F3 on display at [[Royal Air Force Museum London]], Hendon, England.<ref>Ellis 2014, p. 153</ref>
* ''ZE934'' Tornado F3 on display at [[National Museum of Flight]], East Fortune, Scotland.<ref>Ellis 2014, p. 309</ref>
* ''ZE966'' Tornado F3 on display at Tornado Heritage Centre, [[Hawarden Airport]], Wales.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aviationmuseum.eu/Blogvorm/tornado-heritage-centre/|title=Tornado Heritage Centre Hawarden Airfield, Chester United Kingdom|work=Aviationmuseum|access-date=2 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''ZE967'' Tornado F3 on the gate at [[Leuchars Station]], Fife, Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=1768 |title=Leuchars Station, Fife, Scotland |website=eurodemobbed.org.uk |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>
* ''ZG771'' Tornado GR4 on display at Ulster Aviation Society, Lisburn, Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ulsteraviationsociety.org/fast-jets |title=Ulster Aviation Society, Lisburn, Northern Ireland |website=ulsteraviationsociety.org |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>
* ''ZH552'' Tornado F3 on display at [[RAF Leeming]], North Yorkshire, England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/13327364.Fighter_jet_on_permanent_sentry_duty/|title=Fighter jet on permanent sentry duty|work=The Northern Echo|date=11 June 2015 |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>

;United States
* ''ZA374'' Tornado GR1 on display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]], Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.<ref>[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/198063/panavia-tornado-gr1.aspx Panavia Tornado GR1]. [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]]. Retrieved: 22 October 2016.</ref>
* ''43+74'' Tornado IDS of the German Navy, Marinefliegergeschwader 1 at the [[Pima Air & Space Museum]], Tucson, Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pimaair.org/visit/new-aircraft-list |title=Museum Aircraft |website=Pima Air & Space Museum |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>
* ''43+75'' Tornado IDS on display at [[Holloman Air Force Base]], New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.holloman.af.mil/News/Features/Display/Article/663851/a-new-addition-to-heritage-park/ |title=A new addition to Heritage Park |website=Holloman Air Force Base |date=19 September 2014 |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''45+11'' Tornado IDS on display at the [[New Mexico Museum of Space History]], New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/content.php?id=604 |title=Tornado Alert! |website=New Mexico Museum of Space History |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Bob |last=Fischer |url=https://www.aerobuzz.de/aero-kultur/tornado-alarm-beim-new-mexico-museum-of-space-history/ |title=Tornado-Alarm beim New Mexico Museum of Space History |website=AeroBuzz |language=de |date=14 January 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

==Specifications (Tornado GR4)==
[[File:Panavia Tornado IDS.svg|thumb|Panavia Tornado IDS 3-view drawing]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000'',<ref name = 'Frédriksen 255'>Frédriksen 2001, p. 255.</ref> ''Tornado, Modern Fighting Aircraft''<ref>Richardson 1986, p. 31.</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--  General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|length m=16.72
|length note=
|span m=13.91
|span note=at 25° sweep
|swept m=8.60
|swept note=at 67° sweep
|height m=5.95
|height note=
|wing area sqm=26.6
|wing area note=
|swept area sqm=<!-- swing-wings -->
|swept area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=13890
|empty weight note=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home2.btconnect.com/AirFairRadio/TornadaGR4.htm |title=New Page 0 |work=btconnect.com |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>
|gross weight kg=20240
|gross weight note=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/bomber/tornado_ids/|title= Aircraft Museum – Tornado IDS |work=aerospaceweb.org |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>
|max takeoff weight kg=
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|lift kg=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|lift note=
|more general=
<!--  Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Turbo-Union RB199]]-34R Mk 103
|eng1 type=afterburning 3-spool turbofan
|eng1 kn=43.8
|eng1 kn-ab=76.8
|eng1 lbf-ab=
<!--  Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=2400
|max speed note=at {{cvt|9000|m}}{{efn|with operable variable intake ramps, which have been inhibited on the majority of Tornado aircraft except ADV variants}}
::::{{cvt|1482|km/h|mph kn}} IAS near sea level
|max speed mach=2.2
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=
|range note=
|combat range km=3148
|combat range note= Combat radius Hi-Lo-Hi >850 nmi (>1574 km), combat radius Lo-Lo-Lo >500 nmi (>926 km), Hi-Hi-Hi with 1 hour loiter >700 nmi (> 1296 km).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.panavia.de/aircraft/systems-and-capabilities/ids|title=Panavia Tornado IDS|website=www.panavia.de}}</ref>
|ferry range km=3890
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=15240
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=15100
|climb rate note=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flugzeuginfo.net/acdata_php/acdata_pa200_en.php|title=Panavia PA 200 Tornado – Specifications – Technical Data / Description|website=www.flugzeuginfo.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/leesaircraft/specifications--tornado-gr-4|title=Specifications (Tornado GR.4) – Combat Aircraft|website=sites.google.com|access-date=2 January 2021|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024213031/https://sites.google.com/site/leesaircraft/specifications--tornado-gr-4|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{vs|date=January 2021}}
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=767
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|thrust/weight=0.77

|more performance=
<!--  Armament
-->
|guns= 1 × {{convert|27|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[Mauser BK-27]] revolver cannon internally mounted under starboard side of fuselage with 180 rounds {{efn|2{{nbsp}}×, each with 180 rounds in GR.1, GR.1B, and IDS}}
|hardpoints= 3 × under-fuselage and 4 × under-wing pylon stations{{efn|the two inner wing pylons have shoulder launch rails for 2{{nbsp}}× short-range air-to-air missiles each}}
|hardpoint capacity=9,000&nbsp;kg (19,800&nbsp;lb)
|hardpoint missiles=<br />
*** 2 × [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] (AIM-9B / AIM-9G / AIM-9L) (GR.1) ''or'' [[AIM-132 ASRAAM]] [[air-to-air missile]]s for self-defence (GR.4)
*** 12 × [[Brimstone missile|Brimstone]] [[air-to-surface missile]]; ''or''
*** 2 × [[Storm Shadow]] [[cruise missile]]
*** 9 × [[ALARM]] [[anti-radiation missile]]
|hardpoint bombs=<br />
*** 5 × {{convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} [[Paveway IV]]; ''or''
*** 3 × {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} [[Paveway|(UK Mk 20) Paveway II/Enhanced Paveway II]]; ''or''
*** 2 × {{convert|2000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} [[GBU-24 Paveway III|Paveway III (GBU-24)/Enhanced Paveway III (EGBU-24)]]; ''or''
*** [[BL755]] [[cluster bomb]]s; ''or''
*** Up to 2 × [[JP233]] ''or'' [[MW-1]] munitions dispensers (for runway cratering operations)
*** Up to 4 × [[B61 nuclear bomb|B61]] ''or'' [[WE.177]] tactical nuclear weapons
|hardpoint other=Up to 4 × [[drop tank]]s for ferry flight/extended range/flight time
|avionics=
* [[RAPTOR]] aerial reconnaissance pod
* [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]] [[LITENING]] targeting pod; ''or''
* [[TIALD]] [[laser designator]] pod
* [[General Electric Company|GEC]] [[Sky Shadow (radar)|Sky Shadow]] electronic countermeasure pod
* [[BOZ counter-measures pod]]
}}

==Popular culture==
{{main|Aircraft in fiction#Panavia Tornado|l1=Panavia Tornado in fiction}}
<!-- ===============({{NoMoreCruft}})===============-->
<!-- Please READ [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content#Popular culture]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Style guide#Popular culture]] before adding any "Popular culture" items.

Please do not add the many minor appearances of the aircraft. This section is only for major cultural appearances where the aircraft plays a MAJOR part in the story line, or has an "especially notable" role in what is listed. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. Random cruft, including ALL Ace Combat, Battlefield, and Metal Gear Solid appearances, and ALL anime/fiction lookalike speculation, WILL BE removed.

If your item has been removed, please discuss it on the talk page FIRST. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. If a consensus is reached to include your item, a regular editor of this page will add it back. Thank you for your co-operation.-->

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Italy|Aviation}}
{{Aircontent
|see also=
* [[Future Combat Air System]]
* [[Wild Weasel]]
|related=
* [[Panavia Tornado ADV]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Dassault Mirage 2000]]
* [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark]]
* [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle]]
* [[Mikoyan MiG-27]]
* [[Sukhoi Su-24]]
* [[Xian JH-7]]
|lists=
* [[List of military aircraft of Germany]]
* [[List of active Italian military aircraft]]
* [[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}
{{notelist-ua}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* ''Aeroguide 21: Panavia Tornado F Mk 2/Mk 3.'' Ongar, UK: Linewrights Ltd. 1988. {{ISBN|0-946958-26-2}}.
* Allen, Calvin H. and W. Lynn Rigsbee. ''Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970–1996.'' London: Routledge, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7146-5001-3}}.
* Ball, Desmond J. ''The Australian Tactical Fighter Force: Prologue and Prospects.'' Canberra: Australian National University, 1979. {{ISBN|0-85823-439-4}}.
* Clark, Richard B. ''Air Power and Desert Storm.'' Darby, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, 1993. {{ISBN|1-56806-446-2}}.
* Cordesman, Anthony H. ''Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars, Volume 1.'' Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|0-275-99250-0}}.
* Cordesman, Anthony H. ''The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons'' (CSIS Significant Issues Series). Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2003. {{ISBN|0-89206-432-3}}.
* Cox, Sebastian and Peter Gray. ''Air Power History: Turning Points from Kitty Hawk to Kosovo.'' London: Routledge, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7146-8257-8}}.
* Donald, David. "Lossimouth Strike Wing". ''World Air Power Journal'', Volume 33, Summer 1998, pp.&nbsp;104–113. London: Aerospace Publishing. {{ISBN|1-86184-015-2}}. ISSN 0959-7050.
* Donald, David and Christopher Chant. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7L-PvBlfFW0C&pg=PA94 ''Air War in The Gulf 1991.'']{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. {{ISBN|1-84176-295-4}}.
* Eagles, J.D. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IOGCd7QreKgC&pg=PA88 "Preparing a Bomber Destroyer: The Panavia Tornado ADV."] ''Putnam Aeronautical Review'' (Naval Institute Press), Volume 2, 1991, pp.&nbsp;88–93.
* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Ken |title= Wreck & Relics, 24th Edition |year=2014 |publisher= Crecy Publishing Ltd |location= Manchester |isbn=9-780859-791779}}
* {{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Andy|title=Panavia Tornado|location=Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK|publisher=The Crowood Press, 1999|isbn=1-86126-201-9|year=1999}}
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* Geiss, Juergen and Peter Berndt. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426025913/http://www.europeansecurityanddefence.info/Ausgaben/2010/03_2010/06_Geiss_Berndt/Geiss_Berndt.pdf ''Tornados and Further Planning.''] European Security and Defence, March 2010.
* {{Cite book|last=Haglund|first=David G|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA46|title=The Defence Industrial Base and The West|location=London|publisher=Routledge, 1989|isbn=0-415-00923-5|year=1989}}
* Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ''Flight International'', 13–19 December 2011. pp.&nbsp;26–52.
* Jackson, Paul, Kenneth Munson, Lindsay Peacock and John W. R. Taylor, eds. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1997–98.'' London: Jane's Information Group, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7106-1788-7}}.
* Jarret, D. N. ''Cockpit Engineering.'' Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7546-1751-3}}.
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Jefford |editor-first=C.G |url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2027A%20-%20Seminar%20-%20Birth%20of%20Tornado.pdf |title=The Birth of Tornado |year=2002 |location=London |publisher=Royal Air Force Historical Society, 2002 |isbn=0-9530345-0-X |ref={{harvid|Jefford et al.|2002}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105085913/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2027A%20-%20Seminar%20-%20Birth%20of%20Tornado.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2011 }}
* Jukes, Malcolm. ''Aircraft Display Systems.'' Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. {{ISBN|1-56347-657-6}}.
* Koch, Christian and David E. Long. ''Gulf Security in the Twenty-First Century.'' London: I.B. Tauris, 2003. {{ISBN|1-85043-386-0}}.
* Lake, Jon. "Aircraft of the RAF: Part 1&nbsp;– Panavia Tornado". ''[[Air International]]'', Vol. 74, No. 4, April 2008, pp.&nbsp;24–29. ISSN 0306-5634.
* Lake, Jon. ''Great Book of Bombers.'' Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7603-1347-4}}.
* Lake, Jon. "Tornado Variant Briefing: Part I: IDS and Recce". ''World Air Power Journal'', Volume 30, Autumn/Fall 1997, pp.&nbsp;98–121. London: Aerospace Publishing. {{ISBN|1-86184-004-7}}. ISSN 0959-7050.
* Lake, Jon. "Tornado Variant Briefing: Part III: Tornado Operators". ''World Air Power Journal'', Volume 32, Spring 1998, pp.&nbsp;118–137. London: Aerospace Publishing. {{ISBN|1-86184-006-3}}. ISSN 0959-7050.
* Lambeth, Benjamin S. ''NATO's Air War for Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment.'' Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8330-3050-7}}.
* [[Tm McLelland|Laming, Tim]]. ''Fight's On: Airborne with the Aggressors.'' Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 1996. {{ISBN|0-7603-0260-X}}.
* Lawrence, Richard R. ''Mammoth Eyewitness Book of How It Happened Battles: Eyewitness Accounts of History's Greatest Battles, from Thermopyle to the Gulf War''. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-7867-1119-2}}.
* List, Friedrich. "German Air Arms Review". ''Air International'', Vol. 70, No. 5, May 2006, pp.&nbsp;50–57. ISSN 0306-5634.
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* Lowry, Richard S. ''The Gulf War Chronicles: A Military History of the First War with Iraq.'' Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, 2008. {{ISBN|1-60528-006-2}}.
* Martin, Stephen. ''The Economics of Offsets: Defence Procurement and Countertrade.'' London: Routledge, 1996. {{ISBN|3-7186-5782-1}}.
* Moir, Ian and Allan Seabridge. ''Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration.'' New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. {{ISBN|1-119-96520-9}}.
* Napier, Michael. ''Tornado GR1: An Operational History.'' Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2017 {{ISBN|978 1 47387 302 5}}
* Niccoli, Riccardo. "New Capabilities for Italy's Tornados". ''Air International'', Vol. 72, No. 6, pp.&nbsp;26–29. ISSN 0306-5634.
* Niccoli, Riccardo. "SAM Busters". ''Air International'', Vol. 76, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;46–51. ISSN 0306-5634.
* Olsen, John Andreas. ''Global Air Power.'' Sterling, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2011. {{ISBN|1-59797-680-6}}.
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* Rachow, Volker. "Luftwaffe Tornado MLU". ''Air International'', Vol. 81, No. 6, December 2011, pp.&nbsp;70–75. ISSN 0306-5634.
* Richardson, Doug. ''Tornado (Modern Fighting Aircraft, Vol. 10)''. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0-13-925504-4}}.
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* Taylor, Michael J.H. ''Jane's Aviation Review.'' London: Jane's Information Group, 1987. {{ISBN|0-7106-0446-7}}.
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* Wertheim, Eric. ''Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems.'' Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2007. {{ISBN|1-59114-955-X}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Panavia Tornado}}
* [http://www.panavia.de Panavia Managing Tornado]
* [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/tornado.htm Tornado (BAe) on Fas.org]
* [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/bomber/tornado_ids/ Panavia Tornado IDS Attack Bomber on Aerospaceweb.org]
* [http://www.tornado-data.com/ Panavia Tornado on Tornado-data.com]
* [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/flugwerft/sammlungen/strahlflugzeuge/tornado-ids/ German IDS Tornado 44+97] at the [[Deutsches Museum]] subsidiary Flugwerft [[Oberschleißheim]], Germany (DE)

{{British Aircraft Corporation aircraft}}
{{Alenia aircraft}}
{{Italian military aircraft}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Panavia Tornado| ]]
[[Category:1970s British attack aircraft]]
[[Category:1970s German attack aircraft]]
[[Category:1970s Italian attack aircraft]]
[[Category:1970s international attack aircraft]]
[[Category:Variable-sweep-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Twinjets]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1974]]