Papilio cresphontes

"Giant swallowtail" redirects here. For the giant African swallowtail, see Papilio antimachus. For the Jamaican giant swallowtail, see Papilio homerus.

"Orange dog" redirects here. For the other caterpillar with this common name, see Papilio demodocus.

Giant swallowtail
Conservation status
Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Papilionidae
Genus:	Papilio
Species:	P. cresphontes
Binomial name
Papilio cresphontes Cramer, [1777]
Synonyms
Heraclides oxilus Hübner, [1819]

Papilio cresphontes, the giant swallowtail or in its larval phase the orange dog or orange puppy, is a swallowtail butterfly common in parts of North America and marginally into South America (Colombia and Venezuela only). In the United States and Canada it is mainly found in the south and east. With a wingspan of about 10–16 cm (3.9–6.3 in), it is the largest butterfly in Canada and the United States.

Description

Adult

Adult

An adult's wingspan is about 100–160 mm (3.9–6.3 in). The body and wings are dark brown to black with yellow bands. There is a yellow eyespot in each wing's tail. The abdomen has bands of yellow along with the previously mentioned brown. Adults are quite similar to the adults of another Papilio species, P. thoas.

Caterpillar

The mature caterpillar resembles bird droppings to deter predators, and if that doesn't work they use their orange osmeteria. These are "horns" which they can display and then retract. The coloration is dingy brown and or olive with white patches and small patches of purple. Citrus fruit farmers often call the caterpillars orange dogs or orange puppies because of the devastation they can cause to their crops.

Nectaring plants

• Lantana
• Azaleas
• Bougainvilla
• Saponaria officinalis
• Hesperis matronalis
• Solidago
• Lonicera japonica
• Asclepias incarnata

Larval foods

• Rutaceae species, such as
  • Citrus
  • Zanthoxylum americanum
  • Ptelea trifoliata
  • Ruta graveolens

Range and habitat

Giant swallowtail on California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum)

In the United States, P. cresphontes is mostly seen in deciduous forest and citrus orchards where they are considered a major pest. They fly between May and August where there are two broods in the north and three in the south. They can range from southern California (where they have been seen from March to December, reaching peak abundance in late summer/early fall), Arizona as deep south as Mexico north into southeastern Canada. Outside the United States and Canada they are found in Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Jamaica and Cuba.

Life cycle

Adult females lay their eggs singly on the surface of the host plant, this egg is bright orange and darkens with time. The caterpillars then eat and grow to about 2 in (5.1 cm) before changing into a chrysalis. The chrysalis stage is variable but usually takes approximately 10–12 days, although in the fall they may stay in the chrysalis stage over winter and emerge in the spring.

• 
  Egg
• 
  P. cresphontes caterpillar on lemon leaf
• 
  P. cresphontes caterpillar showing defensive posture
• 
  Adult, underside

Flight

Giant swallowtails fly from Late May–August, but in some areas of the southern United States such as Texas and Louisiana, they may be seen as late as October. All giant swallowtails have a distinctive flight pattern which generally looks as if they are "hopping" through the air. Females tend to beat their wings slowly but move quickly. Because females have such large wings, each wing beat will carry it a long way. Males however, tend to have more of a darty flight and beat their wings rapidly but move slower than females because their wings are smaller and each beat doesn't carry them far. Giant swallowtails in general fly fast and high and can be difficult to capture.

References

• Burris, Judy; Richards, Wayne (2006). The Life Cycle of Butterflies. Storey Publishing. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-58017-617-0.
• Kaufman, Kenn; Eaton, Eric R. (2007). "Swallowtails and Pierids". Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America. Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 230–231. ISBN 978-0-618-15310-7.
• Milne, Margery & Lorus (2005) [1980]. "Butterflies and moths". National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects & Spider (23rd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 719–720. ISBN 0-394-50763-0.
• Evans, Arthur V. (2007). "Butterflies and Moths: Order Lepidoptera". Field Guide to Insects and Spider of North America. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-4027-4153-1.
• Kaufman, Kenn; Brock, Jim P. (2003). "Swallowtails and Parnassians". Kaufman Field Guide to Butterflies of North America. Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-618-76826-4.
• "Species Detail Butterflies and Moths of North America". Retrieved 2009-01-18.
• "Species Papilio cresphontes - Giant Swallowtail - BugGuide.Net". Retrieved 2009-01-18.

External links

• Giant swallowtail butterfly life cycle photographs
• Giant Swallowtail on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• Butterflycorner Images from Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
• Giant Swallowtail, Butterflies and Moths of North America
• Papilio cresphontes, funet.fi
• Giant swallowtail caterpillar - High definition video