Parkes process
The Parkes process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process for removing silver from lead, during the production of bullion. It is an example of liquid-liquid extraction.
The process takes advantage of two liquid-state properties of zinc. The first is that zinc is immiscible with lead, and the other is that silver is 3000 times more soluble in zinc than it is in lead. When zinc is added to liquid lead that contains silver as a contaminant, the silver preferentially migrates into the zinc. Because the zinc is immiscible in the lead it remains in a separate layer and is easily removed. The zinc-silver solution is then heated until the zinc vaporizes, leaving nearly pure silver. If gold is present in the liquid lead, it can also be removed and isolated by the same process.[1]
The process[2] was patented by Alexander Parkes in 1850.[3][4][5][6] Parkes received two additional patents in 1852.[7]
The Parkes process was not adapted in the United States, due to the low native production of lead.[8] In the beginning the separation of zinc and silver was difficult. The problems were overcome during the 1880s and by 1923 only the Parkes process was used.[9]
See also
References
- ^ Pauling, Linus General Chemistry W.H.Freeman 1947 ed.
- ^ "Parkes process (chemistry)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
- ^ Tylecote, R. F (1992). "A history of metallurgy": 158. ISBN 9780901462886.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Percy, John (1870). The metallurgy of lead: Including desilverisartion and cupellation. p. 148.
- ^ Office, Patent (1861). Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications.
- ^ Patent Office, Great Britain (1867). Patents for inventions: Abridgments of specifications : Class.
- ^ Patent Office, Great Britain (1861). Patents for inventions: Abridgments of specifications : Class.
- ^ Eurich, Ernst (1912). Joseph Struthers (ed.). "The Development of the Parkes Process in the United States". Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (72). The American Institute of Mining Engineers: 1531–1540.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Rowe, David John (1983-07-01). Lead Manufacturing in Britain: A History. pp. 189–190. ISBN 9780709922506.
- Ray Emery Wickham (1908). A Thermal Study of the Parkes Process of Lead Refining.
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