Pasteurellaceae
| Pasteurellaceae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Haemophilus ducreyi | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | Pasteurellales
|
| Family: | Pasteurellaceae Castellani & Chalmers, 1919
|
| Genera | |
|
Actinobacillus | |
The Pasteurellaceae comprise a large family of Gram-negative bacteria. Most members live as commensals on mucosal surfaces of birds and mammals, especially in the upper respiratory tract.[1] Pasteurellaceae are typically rod-shaped, and are a notable group of facultative anaerobes. Their biochemical characteristics can be distinguished from the related Enterobacteriaceae by the presence of oxidase, and from most other similar bacteria by the absence of flagella.
Bacteria in the family Pasteurellaceae have been classified into a number of genera based on metabolic properties, but these classifications are not generally accurate reflections of the evolutionary relationships between different species. Haemophilus influenzae was the first organism to have its genome sequenced and has been studied intensively by genetic and molecular methodologies. The Haemophilus genus is a notorious human pathogen associated with bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis and chancroid. Other pathogenic members belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family include Aggregatibacter, Mannheimia, Pasteurella, and Actinobacillus species.
Molecular signatures and phylogenetic position
Comparative analyses of Pasteurellaceae genomes have identified large numbers (>20) of conserved signature indels (CSIs) in different important proteins that are uniquely shared by all sequenced Pasteurellaceae species/strains, but are not found in any other bacteria. Based upon many other CSIs that are specific for subgroups of Pasteurellaceae species, it has been proposed to divide the family into at least two clades .[2] One proposed clade includes Aggregatibacter, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus somnus, and Mannheimia succiniciproducens, while the other includes Actinobacillus minor, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus ducryi, Haemophilus parasuis, and Mannheimia haemolytica.
Molecular signatures in the form of CSIs have also been used to help resolve polyphyletic distribution of three main genera within the Pasteurellaceae family: Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, and Pasteurella.[3][4][5] These genera demonstrate extensive polyphyly across the family, however, CSIs have been found to be consistently shared by certain species that form a monophyletic group within each respective genus.[3] The distribution of CSIs corresponds to sensu stricto clades of “true” Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, and Pasteurella species, respectively. Since they are indicative of common ancestry, it has been postulated that the CSIdistrubution can be used to determine genus identity, where the species that do not share the CSI may be reclassified as a different genus. CSIs have also been found that are specific for Aggregatibacter and Mannheimia , two clinically relevant genera.[3]
The Pasteurellales, along with Enterobacteriales, are of the most recently divergent orders within the Gammaproteobacteria.[6] Their distinction from all other orders are supported by the presence of several conserved signature proteins (CSPs) that are shared by these two orders, and absent from all other bacteria.[6] Pasteurellales also share additional CSPs with Enterobacteriales, Vibrionales, Aeromonadales, and Alteromonadales, adding additional resolution to their evolutionary branching and phylogenetic position among the large Gammaproteobacteria class.[6]
References
- ^ Kokotovic, Branko; Friis, Niels F; Ahrens, Peter (2007). "Mycoplasma alkalescens demonstrated in bronchoalveolar lavage of cattle in Denmark". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 49 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-49-2. ISSN 1751-0147.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Naushad, HS; Gupta, RS (Jan 2012). "Molecular signatures (conserved indels) in protein sequences that are specific for the order Pasteurellales and distinguish two of its main clades". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 101 (1): 105–24. doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9628-4. PMID 21830122.
- ^ a b c Naushad S, Adeolu M, Goel N, Khadka B, Al-Dahwi A, Gupta RS (2015). "Phylogenomic and molecular demarcation of the core members of the polyphyletic pasteurellaceae genera actinobacillus, haemophilus, and pasteurella". Int J Genomics (2015): 198560. doi:10.1155/2015/198560. PMID 25821780.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Olsen I, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Busse HJ (2005) Family I. Pasteurellaceae. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, edn. 2, vol 2, pp. 851–856. Eds Brenner D. J., Krieg N. R., Garrity G. M., Staley J. T. Springer-: New York.
- ^ Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Olsen I, Fraser GJ (1992). "Phylogeny of 54 representative strains of species in the family Pasteurellaceae as determined by comparison of 16S rRNA sequences". J Bacteriol. 174 (6): 2002–2013. doi:10.1155/2015/198560. PMID 1548238.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Gao B, Mohan R, Gupta RS (2009). "Phylogenomics and protein signatures elucidating the evolutionary relationships among the Gammaproteobacteria". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 59 (Pt 2): 234–247. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.002741-0. PMID 19196760.