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Petroleum ether

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Petroleum ether[1][2][3]
Names
Other names
Light ligroin; "Skelly B"
Identifiers
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.498 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
Molar mass 82.2 g/mol
Appearance Volatile, clear, colorless and non-fluorescent liquid
Density 0.653 g/mL
Melting point < −73 ℃
Boiling point 42–62 ℃
insoluble
Solubility in Ethanol soluble
Vapor pressure 31 kPa (20 ℃)
1.370
Viscosity 0.46 mPa·s (25 ℃)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS02: Flammable GHS07: Exclamation mark GHS08: Health hazard GHS09: Environmental hazard
Danger
H225, H304, H315, H336, H411
P210, P243, P273, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P403+P235
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propaneInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
4
0
Flash point < 0 ℃
246.11 ℃
Explosive limits 1.4–5.9 %
300 ppm (1370 mg/m3) 8 h TWA (TWA)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
3400 ppm (rat, 4 h)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 100 ppm (400 mg/m3) 8 h TWA
REL (Recommended)
 100 ppm (400 mg/m3) 10 h TWA
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 1000 ppm
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Ligroin, Petroleum benzine, Petroleum spirit, Stoddard solvent, VM&P Naphtha, White spirit
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Petroleum ether is the petroleum fraction consisting of C₅ and C₆ hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35‒60 ℃; commonly used as a laboratory solvent.[4] The term ether is used only figuratively, signifying extreme lightness and volatility.

Properties

The very lightest, most volatile liquid hydrocarbon solvents that can be bought from laboratory chemical suppliers may also be offered under the name petroleum ether. Petroleum ether consists mainly of C₅ and C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbons and is usually low on aromatics. It is commonly hydrodesulfurized and may be hydrogenated to reduce the amount of aromatic and other unsaturated hydrocarbons. Petroleum ether bears normally a descriptive suffix giving the boiling range. Thus, from the leading international laboratory chemicals suppliers it is possible to buy various petroleum ethers with boiling ranges such as 30‒50 ℃, 40‒60 ℃, 50‒70 ℃, 60‒80 ℃, etc. In the United States, laboratory grade aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with boiling ranges as high as 100‒140 ℃ still appear to be called petroleum ether, rather than petroleum spirit.[5]

It is not advisable to employ a fraction with a wider boiling point range than 20 ℃, because of possible loss of the more volatile portion during its use in recrystallisation, etc. and consequent different solubility relations of the higher boiling residue.[6]

Most of the unsaturated hydrocarbons may be removed by shaking two or three times with 10 % of the volume of concentrated sulphuric acid; vigorous shaking is then continued with successive portions of a concentrated solution of potassium permanganate in 10 % sulphuric acid until the colour of the permanganate remains unchanged. The solvent is then thoroughly washed with water, dried over anhydrous calcium chloride, and distilled. If required perfectly dry, it should be allowed to stand over sodium wire.[6]

Standards

Ligroin is assigned the CAS Registry Number 8032-32-4, which is also applied to many other products, particularly the lower boiling ones, called petroleum spirit, petroleum ether, and petroleum benzine. "Naphtha" has the CAS Registry Number 8030-30-6, which also covers petroleum benzine and petroleum ether: that is, the lower boiling point non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.[5]

DIN 51630 provides for Petroleum spirit (also called here Spezialbenzine - Petrolether) which is described as "a special boiling-point spirit commonly used in laboratory applications, having high volatility and low aromatics content." Its initial boiling point is above 25 ℃, its final boiling point up to 80 ℃.[5]

Safety

Petroleum ethers are extremely volatile, have very low flash points, and present a significant fire hazard.[5] Fires should be fought with foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride.[2]

The naphtha mixtures that are distilled at a lower boiling temperature have a higher volatility and, generally speaking, a higher degree of toxicity than the higher boiling fractions.[7]

Exposure to petroleum ether occurs most commonly by either inhalation or through skin contact. Petroleum ether is metabolized by the liver with a biological half-life of 46–48 h.[3]

Inhalation overexposure causes primarily central nervous system (CNS) effects (headaches, dizzines, nausea, fatigue, and incoordination). In general, the toxicity is more pronounced with petroleum ethers containing higher concentrations of aromatic compounds. n-Hexane is known to cause axonal damage in peripheral nerves.[3]

Skin contact can cause allergic contact dermatitis.[3]

Oral ingestion of hydrocarbons often is associated with symptoms of mucous membrane irritation, vomiting, and central nervous system depression. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and tachypnea may appear as a result of aspiration, with subsequent development of chemical pneumonitis. Other clinical findings include albuminuria, hematuria, hepatic enzyme derangement, and cardiac arrhythmias. Doses as low as 10 ml orally have been reported to be potentially fatal, whereas some patients have survived the ingestion of 60 ml of petroleum distillates. A history of coughing or choking in association with vomiting strongly suggests aspiration and hydrocarbon pneumonia. Hydrocarbon pneumonia is an acute hemorrhagic necrotizing disease that can develop within 24 h after the ingestion. Pneumonia may require several weeks for complete resolution.[8]

Intravenous administration produces fever and local tissue damage.[9]

Petroleum-derived distillates have not been shown to be carcinogenic in humans.[7] Petroleum ether degrades rapidly in soil and water.[3]

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit of 350 mg/m3 over an 8 hour workday and 1800 mg/m3 over 15 minutes.[10]

References

  1. ^ Dieter Stoye (2007), "Solvents", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 41
  2. ^ a b N. Irving Sax, ed. (1957), "Petroleum Spirits", Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Reinhold, p. 996–997
  3. ^ a b c d e Patricia J Beattie (2005), "Petroleum Ether", Encyclopedia of Toxicology, vol. 3 (2nd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 375–376
  4. ^ David R. Lide, ed. (2010), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.), CRC Press, p. 2-60
  5. ^ a b c d Alan Phenix (2007), "Generic Hydrocarbon Solvents: a Guide to Nomenclature" (PDF), WAAC Newsletter, 29 (2)
  6. ^ a b Arthur I. Vogel (1956), Practical Organic Chemistry (3rd ed.), Longman, p. 174
  7. ^ a b Stephen R Clough (2005), "Petroleum Distillates", Encyclopedia of Toxicology, vol. 3 (2nd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 372–375
  8. ^ Shayne C Gad (2005), "Petroleum Hydrocarbons", Encyclopedia of Toxicology, vol. 3 (2nd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 377–379
  9. ^ Jerrold B. Leikin; Frank P. Paloucek, eds. (2008), "Petroleum Distillates - Naphtha", Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (4th ed.), Informa, pp. 836–837
  10. ^ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - VM & P Naphtha". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-27. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 47 (help)
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