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Planet Hunters

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The Planet Hunters logo.

Planet Hunters is a citizen science project to find planets using human eyes. It does this by having users analyze data from the NASA Kepler Space Mission.[1] It was launched by a team led by Debra Fischer at Yale University,[2] as part of the Zooniverse project.[3]

Planet hunting

The Planet Hunters project exploits the fact that humans are better at recognising visual patterns than computers. The website displays an image of data collected by the NASA Kepler Space Mission and asks human users (referred to as "Citizen Scientists") to look at the data and see how the brightness of a star changes over time. This brightness data is represented as a graph and referred to as a star's light curve. Such curves are helpful in discovering extrasolar planets due to the brightness of a star decreasing when a planet passes in front of it, as seen from Earth. Periods of reduced brightness can thus provide evidence of planetary transits, but may also be caused by errors in recording, projection, or other phenomena.[4]

Sorting the light curves

Users are asked to sort the light curves based on the patterns. The patterns available are "quiet" and "variable". When the light curve is quiet, the graph mostly follows a straight path. When the light curve is variable, there are a number of things that it can do. It can be "regular", "pulsating", or "irregular".[5] A regular light curve means it goes up once and down once, reaching an apex and descending. A pulsating light curve means it goes up and down along the y-axis on a rather steep basis. An irregular light curve has points that go up and down on the y-axis in an unpredictable pattern.

Special occurrence

Eclipsing binary stars

From time to time, the project will observe eclipsing binary stars. Essentially these are stars that orbit each other. Much as a planet can interrupt the brightness of a star, another star can too. There is a noticeable difference on the light curves. It will appear as a large transit (a large dip) and a smaller transit (a smaller dip).[6]

Multiplanet systems

Much as eight planets revolve around our sun, it is not unheard of for many planets to rotate around the same star. In a multiplanet system plot, there are many different patterns of transit. Due to the different sizes of planets, the transits dip down to different points.[7]

Stellar flares

Stellar flares are observed when there is an explosion on the surface of a star. This will cause the star's brightness to shoot up considerable, with a steep drop off.[8]

Discoveries

So far, over 12 million observations have been analyzed. Out of those, 34 candidate planets had been found as of July 2012.[9] In October 2012 it was announced that two volunteers from the Planet Hunters initiative had discovered a novel Neptune-like planet which is part of a four star double binary system, orbiting one of the pairs of stars while the other pair of stars orbits at a distance of around 1000 AU. This is the first planet discovered to have a stable orbit in such a complex stellar environment. The system is located just under 5000 light years away, and the new planet has been designated PH1, short for Planet Hunters 1.[10][11]

Yellow rows indicate a circumbinary planet. Light green rows indicate planet orbiting around one star in a multiple star system.

Planet Mass
(MJ) 		Radius
(RJ) 		Mean Density
g/cm3 		Surface gravity
m/s2 		Orbital
period
(d) 		Semimajor
axis
(AU) 		Orbital
ecc. 		Inclin.
(°) 		Star Constell.
 App.
mag. 		Distance
(ly) 		Spectral
type 		Year of confirmation Ref
PH1 0.08-0.14 0.551 138.506 0.634 0.0539 90.022 kepler-64 Cygnus 13.718 ~5000 F/M 2012
PH2 (Kepler-86) 9.56-10.68 282.5255 0.828 0.12-0.49 89.83 kepler-86 Cygnus 1206 ~G4 2013
PH3 (Kepler-289c) Kepler-289 2014

Furthermore, the unusual light curve of KIC 8462852 (also known as Tabby's Star)[12] has engendered speculation that an alien civilization's Dyson sphere[13][14] is responsible.[15]

References

  1. ^ "What is Planet Hunters". Planet Hunters website. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  2. ^ http://news.yale.edu/2010/12/16/citizen-scientists-join-search-earth-planets
  3. ^ "The Zooniverse". Zooniverse website. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  4. ^ "Planet Hunting Tutorial". Planet Hunters website. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  5. ^ "Sorting the Light Curves". Planet Hunters website. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  6. ^ "Eclipsing Binary Stars". Planet Hunters website. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  7. ^ "Multiplanet Systems". Planet Hunters website. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  8. ^ "Stellar Flares". Planet Hunters website. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  9. ^ "Planetometer". Planet Hunters website. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  10. ^ "Planet with four suns discovered by volunteers". BBC. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  11. ^ Schwamb, Megan E.; Orosz, Jerome A.; Carter, Joshua A.; Welsh, William F.; Fischer, Debra A.; Torres, Guillermo; Howard, Andrew W.; Crepp, Justin R.; Keel, William C.; et al. (2012). "Planet Hunters: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet in a Quadruple Star System". 1210: 3612. arXiv:1210.3612. Bibcode:2013ApJ...768..127S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/2/127. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ http://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.03622v1.pdf
  13. ^ http://www.theatlantic.com/notes/all/2015/10/maybe-its-a-dyson-sphere/411121/#note-410974
  14. ^ http://www.theatlantic.com/notes/all/2015/10/maybe-its-a-dyson-sphere/411121/#note-411124
  15. ^ http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/10/the-most-interesting-star-in-our-galaxy/410023/
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