Polygamy in New Zealand
Polygamous marriages may not be performed in New Zealand. A married person who enters into another marriage in New Zealand is guilty of the crime of bigamy. Similar rules apply for civil unions, which have been legal in New Zealand since 2005. However, polygamous marriages legally performed in another country have limited recognition in New Zealand law, provided that no person involved was living in New Zealand at the time of the union.
Advocacy for full legalisation of polygamy in New Zealand has come from some libertarian individuals and from individual members of non-Christian religious groups. However, polygamy has little public support among New Zealanders, and no major political party has endorsed its legalisation.
History
Polygamy existed in traditional Māori society to a limited extent, mostly practiced by rangatira (tribal chiefs).[1][2] When New Zealand was annexed into the British Empire in 1840, British law took effect that prohibited polygamous marriage. Colonial law permitted Māori to marry under their own marriage customs, which continued until 1888 (although polygamy was practiced in Māori society – legally or otherwise – well into the 20th century).[3] But in general, polygamy has remained prohibited in New Zealand law.
Legislation
Marriage is regulated in New Zealand by the Marriage Act 1955, which explicitly defines "marriage means the union of 2 people, regardless of their sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity". A person who is married or in a civil union, and who subsequently enters a marriage or civil union with another person in New Zealand, can be charged with bigamy, which is a crime under section 205 of the Crimes Act 1961 and carries a two to fourteen years imprisonment penalty.[4]
Polygamous marriages cannot be solemnised in New Zealand. However, polygamy receives limited recognition in New Zealand under the Family Proceedings Act 1980. Section 2 of the Act states that:[5]
marriage includes a union in the nature of marriage that—
(a) is entered into outside New Zealand; and
(b) is at any time polygamous,—
where the law of the country in which each of the parties is domiciled at the time of the union then permits polygamy
Public debate and advocacy
Small libertarian organisations and some individual members of non-Christian religious faiths have advocated for the full legalisation of polygamy in New Zealand. However, there is little public support for legalised polygamy among New Zealanders, nor has it been endorsed by any major political party.
In 2008, Social Development Minister Ruth Dyson was alleged to have given a speech supporting diverse family structures, including "triples". Dyson denied giving the speech, given that she did not cite such material within the original draft within her actual speech, and confirmed that the government had no plans to legalise polygamy.[6]
Polygamy also featured during the public debate surrounding same-sex marriage in New Zealand. When a private member's bill was drawn from the parliamentary ballot in 2012 to legalise same-sex marriage, opponents of the bill warned that allowing same-sex couples to marry could lead to polygamy being legalised in New Zealand.[7] Supporters of the bill responded that they were opposed to any such recognition of polygamy, and cited the British Columbia Supreme Court's Bountiful case from November 2011) as an example of recent British Commonwealth case law which upheld Section 293 of the Canadian Criminal Code and still prohibits Polygamy in Canada. They argued that given this recent Commonwealth case law, any pro-polygamy litigation would face an uphill battle for legal recognition [8][9]
See also
References
- ^ Royal, Te Ahukaramū Charles (29 November 2011). "Māori: Pre-European society". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ Best, Elsdon (1903). "Maori Marriage Customs". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1868-1961. 36: 14–67.
- ^ Cook, Megan (27 April 2011). "Marriage and partnering: Marriage in traditional Māori society". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ Crimes Act 1961, section 205. Retrieved 24 October 2012
- ^ Family Proceedings Act 1980, section 2. Retrieved 24 October 2012
- ^ "Minister denies support for polygamy". Stuff.co.nz. 12 August 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ Davison, Isaac (28 August 2012). "50,000 sign against gay marriage". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ Craig Young: "Marriage Equality: Un/Tainted Love" Gaynz.Com: 23.08.2012: http://www.gaynz.com/articles/publish/31/article_12156.php
- ^ British Columbia Supreme Court: Bountiful reference case: November 2011: http://canlii.ca/t/fnzqf