Popocatépetl: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox mountain |
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| name = Popocatepetl |
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| photo = PopoAmeca2zoom.jpg |
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| photo_caption = Popocatepetl from [[Amecameca]] (looking south-east) |
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| elevation_m = 5426 |
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| elevation_ref =<ref>Sources vary widely on the elevation of Popocatépetl, with most giving a value at or slightly above 5,400 m. The 5,426 m figure given here is from [http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1401-09= the Smithsonian Institute-Global Volcanism Program].</ref> |
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| prominence_m = 3020 |
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| prominence_ref =<ref name="peaklist">[http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/mexico.html "Mexico Ultras"] Peaklist.org. The prominence value given here of 3,020 m is based on a summit elevation of 5,400 m for Popocatépetl. Retrieved 2012-01-29.</ref><ref name="peakbagger">[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8034 "Volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico"] The prominence value given here of 3,020 m is interpolated from a summit elevation of 5,400 m for Popocatépetl. Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-29.</ref><br/><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 89th]]</small> |
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| map = Mexico |
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| map_caption = |
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| label_position = |
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| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]] |
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| location = [[Mexico (state)|Mexico]]-[[Puebla]]-[[Morelos]], [[Mexico]] |
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| lat_d = 19 | lat_m = 01 | lat_s = 20 | lat_NS = N |
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| long_d = 98 | long_m = 37 | long_s = 40 | long_EW = W |
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| region = MX |
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| topo = |
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| type = [[Stratovolcano]] |
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| last_eruption = 2013 (ongoing)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |
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| Last Major Eruption=2008 |
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| first_ascent = |
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| easiest_route = rock/snow climb |
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}} |
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'''Popocatépetl''' (<small>Spanish</small> {{IPA-es|popoka'tepet͡ɬ||}} <small>Nahuatl</small> {{IPA-nah|popoːka'tepeːt͡ɬ||}}) is an active [[volcano]] located in the states of [[Puebla]], [[State of Mexico]], and [[Morelos]], in [[Central Mexico]], and lies in the eastern half of the [[Trans-Mexican volcanic belt]]. At {{convert|5426|m|abbr=on}} it is the second highest [[mountain|peak]] in Mexico, after the [[Pico de Orizaba]] at {{convert|5636|m|abbr=on}}. |
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It is linked to the [[Iztaccihuatl]] volcano to the north by the high [[Saddle (landform)|saddle]] known as the [[Paso de Cortés]]. |
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Popocatepetl is {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Mexico City]], from where it can be seen regularly, depending on atmospheric conditions. Until recently, the volcano was one of three tall peaks in Mexico to contain [[glacier]]s,<ref>{{cite book|author=Huggel, C., Delgado, H.|year=2000|chapter=Glacier monitoring at Popocatépetl Volcano, México: glacier shrinkage and possible causes|editor=Hegg, C., Vonder Muehll, D.|title=Beiträge zur Geomorphologie.- Proceedings Fachtagung der Schweizerischen Geomorphologischen Gesellschaft, 8-10 July 1999|publisher=Bramois, WSL Birmensdorf|pages=97–106|url=http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/03Huggel_Glacier%20monitoring.pdf|format=pdf|accessdate=2012-04-17}}</ref> the others being [[Iztaccihuatl]] and [[Pico de Orizaba]]. In the 1990s, the glaciers such as [[Glaciar Norte (Popocatépetl)|Glaciar Norte]] (North Glacier) greatly decreased in size, partly due to warmer temperatures but largely due to increased volcanic activity.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Granados HD|title=The glaciers of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): Changes and causes|journal=Quaternary International|volume=43–44|year=1997|pages=53–60|url=http://www.mendeley.com/research/glaciers-popocatpetl-volcano-mexico-changes-causes/|accessdate=2012-04-17|bibcode = 1997QuInt..43...53G |doi = 10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00020-7 }}</ref> By early 2001, Popocatepetl's glaciers had become extinct; ice remained on the volcano, but no longer displayed the characteristic features of glaciers such as [[crevasses]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chronicle of a death foretold: Extinction of the small-size tropical glaciers of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico)|journal=Global and Planetary Change|volume=56|issue=1–2|year=2007|pages=13–22|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.010|author=Delgado Granados H, Miranda PJ, Huggel C, Ortega del Valle S, Alatorre Ibargüengoitia MA|bibcode = 2007GPC....56...13D }}</ref><ref name=Huggel>{{cite journal|url=http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi/biblioteca/bitstream/123456789/519/1/12huggel_et+al.pdf|format=pdf|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=170|year=2008|pages=99–110|title=Evaluation of ASTER and SRTM DEM data for lahar modeling: A case study on lahars from Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico|author=Huggel C, Schneider D, Julio Miranda P, Granados HD, Kääb A|accessdate=2012-04-17|bibcode = 2008JVGR..170...99H |doi = 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.005 }}</ref><ref name=JulioMiranda2>{{cite journal|author=Julio-Miranda P, Delgado-Granados H, Huggel C, Kääb A|title=Impact of the eruptive activity on glacier evolution at Popocatépetl Volcano (México) during 1994–2004|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=170|issue=1–2|year=2008|pages=86–98|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.011|bibcode = 2008JVGR..170...86J }}</ref> Magma erupting from Popocatepetl has historically been predominantly [[basaltic andesite|andesitic]], but it has also erupted large volumes of [[dacite]].<ref>Sosa, G.; Gardner, J. E.; Lassiter, J. C. 2009. Magma evolution during the last 23 ky at Popocatepetl Volcano: insights from Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes in plagioclase, pyroxene and pumice matrix. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2009, abstract #V51A-1658 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.V51A1658S]</ref> Magma produced in the current cycle of activity tends to be a mixture of the two.<ref>Martin, A. L.; Cifuentes, G.; Straub, S.; Mendiola, F. 2007. Magma Stagnation and Ascent at Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico during the last 10 years. American Geophysical Union, Spring Meeting 2007, abstract #V42A-05 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUSM.V42A..05M]</ref> |
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==Toponymy== |
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The name ''Popocatépetl'' comes from the [[Nahuatl]] words {{lang|nah|''popōca''}} {{IPA-nah|popoːka||}} 'it smokes' and {{lang|nah|''tepētl''}} {{IPA-nah|tepeːt͡ɬ||}} 'mountain', meaning ''Smoking Mountain''. The volcano is also referred to by Mexicans as '''El Popo'''. The alternate nickname ''Don Goyo'' comes from the mountain's association in the lore of the region with San Gregorio ([[Pope Gregory I|St. Gregory]]), "Goyo" being a nickname-like short form of Gregorio.<ref name=VolcanoDiscovery>{{cite web |url=http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/popocatepetl-eruptions.html |title=Popocatépetl volcano eruptions|publisher=VolcanoDiscovery |work= |accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref> |
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==Geology== |
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The [[stratovolcano]] contains a steep-walled, {{convert|400|x|600|m|abbr=on}} wide [[volcanic crater|crater]]. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the [[Pleistocene]], producing massive [[debris avalanche]] deposits covering broad areas south of the volcano. The modern volcano was constructed to the south of the late-[[Pleistocene]] to [[Holocene]] El Fraile cone.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite gvp|vnum=1401-09= |name=Popocatépetl |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> Three major [[plinian eruption]]s, the most recent of which took place about 800 AD, have occurred from Popocatépetl since the mid Holocene, accompanied by [[pyroclastic flow]]s and voluminous [[lahar]]s that swept basins below the volcano.<ref name=ReferenceA/> |
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[[File:Popocatepetl-nasa.jpg|thumb|right|[[International Space Station]] view of Popocatepetl sending [[plume]] of [[volcanic ash]] south January 23, 2001, [[Iztaccíhuatl]] at right]] |
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[[File:Popocatepelt.jpg|thumb|right|Popocatépetl viewed from [[Puebla, Puebla]], January 2004 eruption]] |
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According to paleomagnetic studies, the volcano is about 730,000 years old. Elevation {{convert|5450|m|ft|abbr=on}} in cone form with a diameter of {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} at its base and the crater has an elliptical shape with an orientation northeast-southwest. the walls of the crater vary from {{convert|600|to|840|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height. Popocatépetl is currently active after being dormant for about half of last century. In 1991 the volcano's activity increased and since 1993 smoke can be seen constantly emanating from the crater. |
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=== Eruptions === |
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Popocatepetl is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico, having had more than 15 major eruptions since the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|arrival of the Spanish]] in 1519. A major eruption occurred in 1947. |
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On December 21, 1994, the volcano spewed gas and ash which was carried as far as {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}} away by prevailing winds. The activity prompted the evacuation of nearby towns and scientists to begin monitoring for an eruption.<ref name=VolcanoDiscovery/> |
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In December 2000, tens of thousands of people were evacuated by the government based on the warnings of scientists. The volcano then made its largest display in 1,200 years.<ref name=Huggel/><ref name=JulioMiranda2/><ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2000/00_12_21.html |title=Residents on slopes of Popocatepetl Volcano heed evacuation notice |publisher=US Geological Survey |year=2000 |accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref><ref name=JulioMiranda1>{{cite journal|author=Julio Miranda, P., Delgado Granados, H.|year=2003|title=Fast hazard evaluation, employing digital photogrammetry on Popocatépetl glaciers", Mexico|journal=Geofísica Internacional |volume=42|issue=2|pages=275–283|url=http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/05JULI~1.PDF|accessdate=2012-04-21|doi=|format=pdf}}</ref> |
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On December 25, 2005, the volcano's crater produced an explosion which ejected a large column of smoke and ash about {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} into the atmosphere and expulsion of lava. |
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In January and February 2012, scientists have been noticing Popocatepetl's action increasing. On January 25, 2012, an ash explosion occurred on the mountain causing much dust and ash to contaminate the atmosphere around it.<ref name=VolcanoDiscovery/> |
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On April 19, 2012 there were reports of superheated rock fragments being hurled into the air by the volcano. Ash and water vapor plumes were reported 15 times over 24 hours.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/04/19/mexico.html |title=Mexican volcano hurls hot rock into sky|publisher=CBC News |work= |accessdate=2012-04-20 |date=2012-04-19}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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The first [[Spain|Spanish]] ascent of the volcano was made by an expedition led by [[Diego de Ordaz]] in 1519. The early 16th-century [[Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl|monasteries on the slopes of the mountain]] are a [[World Heritage Site]]. |
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== Picture gallery == |
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<gallery> |
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File:Mexico-Popocatepetl.jpg|Popocatepetl from the north, viewed from [[Paso de Cortés]] |
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File:Popocatopetl sunrise.jpg|Popocatepetl at sunrise, looking west, from [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]] |
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File:Popocatépetl & Cd de México.jpg|[[Foreshorten#Foreshortening|Foreshortened]] view of Popocatepetl from [[Mexico City]] |
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File:Popocatepetl al amanecer.JPG|Popocatepetl at sunrise from Mexico City |
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File:Popocatepetl pasodecortez cut.JPG|Popocatepetl viewed from Paso de Cortés |
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</gallery> |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Mexico|Mountains}} |
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* [[Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl|The legend of Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl]] |
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* [[List of volcanoes in Mexico]] |
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* [[4000 meter peaks of México]] |
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* [[Volcanic Seven Summits]] |
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* [[List of Ultras of Mexico]] |
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* [[Mountain peaks of México]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==Additional reading== |
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* {{cite book|last=Secor |first=R. J. |title=Mexico's Volcanoes: A Climbing Guide |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XEqrPcMJ8vYC&lpg=PP1&dq=secor%20mexico's%20volcanoes&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false | edition = 3rd |publisher=[[Mountaineers Books]] |year=2001 |pages=160ff. |isbn=0-89886-798-3}} |
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* {{cite gvp|vnum=1401-09= |name=Popocatépetl |accessdate=2008-12-18}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Yarza de la Torre |first=Esperanza |title=Volcanes de México |publisher=Aguilar |year=1971 |pages=237ff.|language=Spanish}} |
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== External links == |
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{{commons category|Popocatépetl}} |
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* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2000/12/1221_volcano.html National Geographic News] |
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* [http://www.cenapred.unam.mx/popo/UltimaImagenVolcanI.html Live webcam of Popocatepetl] |
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{{World Heritage Sites in Mexico}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Popocatepetl}} |
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[[Category:Volcanoes of Mexico]] |
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[[Category:Mountains of Mexico]] |
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[[Category:Geography of the State of Mexico]] |
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[[Category:Geography of Morelos]] |
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[[Category:Geography of Puebla]] |
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[[Category:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] |
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[[Category:Stratovolcanoes]] |
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[[Category:Subduction volcanoes]] |
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[[Category:Pleistocene volcanoes]] |
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[[Category:Active volcanoes]] |
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[[Category:VEI-6 volcanoes]] |
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[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Mexico]] |
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[[Category:Geography of Mesoamerica]] |
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[[Category:Locations in Aztec mythology]] |
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[[Category:Locations in Mesoamerican mythology]] |
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