Portal:Viruses/Selected miscellany/1

The Hershey–Chase experiments were conducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in 1952 using the T2 bacteriophage (pictured), which is composed of DNA wrapped in a protein shell. Hershey and Chase labelled either the phage DNA using radioactive phosphorus-32 or the protein using radioactive sulphur-35. They allowed the radiolabelled phages to infect unlabelled bacteria, and then agitated in a blender and centrifuged to separate material remaining outside the bacterial cells. The majority of the ³²P-labelled DNA entered the host bacterial cell, while all the ³⁵S-labelled protein remained outside. Hershey and Chase also showed that the phage DNA is inserted into the bacteria shortly after the virus attaches to its host.

DNA had been known since 1869, but in 1952 many scientists believed that proteins carried the information for inheritance. Proteins appeared more complex, while DNA was thought to be an inert molecule used for phosphorus storage. These experiments built on earlier research on transformation in bacteria and helped to confirm that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material. Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the research.