Potter's wheel
In pottery, a potter's wheel is a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic ware. The wheel may also be used during the process of trimming the excess body from dried ware and for applying incised decoration or rings of colour. Use of the potter's wheel became widespread throughout the Old World but was unknown in the Pre-Columbian New World, where pottery was handmade by methods that included coiling and beating.
A potter's wheel may occasionally be referred to as a "potter's lathe". However, that term is better used for another kind of machine that is used for a different shaping process, turning, similar to that used for shaping of metal and wooden articles.
The techniques of jiggering and jollying can be seen as extensions of the potter's wheel: in jiggering, a shaped tool is slowly brought down onto the plastic clay body that has been placed on top of the rotating plaster mould. The jigger tool shapes one face, the mould the other. The term is specific to the shaping of flat ware, such as plates, whilst a similar technique, jollying, refers to the production of hollow ware, such as cups.
History
 |
 |
Many early ceramics were hand-built using a simple coiling technique in which clay was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel. In the coiling method of construction, all of the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied indirectly by the hands of the potter. Early ceramics built by coiling were often placed on mats or large leaves to allow them to be worked more conveniently. The evidence of this lies in mat or leaf impressions left in the clay of the base of the pot. This arrangement allowed the potter to turn the vessel under construction, rather than walk around it to add coils of clay.
The earliest forms of the potter's wheel (tourneys or slow wheels) were probably developed as an extension to this procedure. Tournettes, in use around 4,500 BC in the Near East, were turned slowly by hand or by foot while coiling a pot. Only a small range of vessels were fashioned on the tournette, suggesting that it was used by a limited number of potters.[1] The introduction of the slow wheel increased the efficiency of hand-powered pottery production.
Later[when?] the fast wheel was developed, which operated on the flywheel principle. It utilized energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself to speed the process. This wheel was wound up and charged with energy by kicking, or pushing it around with a stick, providing a centrifugal force. The fast wheel enabled a new process of pottery-making to develop, called "throwing", in which a lump of clay was placed centrally on the wheel and then squeezed, lifted and shaped as the wheel turned. The process tends to leave rings on the inside of the pot and can be used to create thinner-walled pieces and a wider variety of shapes, including stemmed vessels, so wheel-thrown pottery can be distinguished from handmade. Potters could now produce many more pots per hour, a first step towards industrialization.
Many modern scholars suggest that the first potter's wheel was first developed in Mesopotamia. A stone potter's wheel found at the Mesopotamian city of Ur in modern-day Iraq has been dated to about 3129 BC[citation needed], but fragments of wheel-thrown pottery of an even earlier date have been recovered in the same area.[2] However, southeast Europe[3] and China[4] have also been claimed as possible places of origin. Furthermore, the pottery wheel was also in popular use by potters starting around 3500 BCE in major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization in South Asia, namely Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (Kenoyer, 2005). Others consider Egypt as "being the place of origin of the potter's wheel. It was here that the turntable shaft was lengthened about 3000bc and a flywheel added. The flywheel was kicked and later was moved by pulling the edge with the left hand while forming the clay with the right. This led to the counterclockwise motion for the potter's wheel which is almost universal."[5] Hence the exact origin of the potters wheel is not wholly clear yet.
In the Iron Age, the potter's wheel in common use had a turning platform about a metre above the floor, connected by a long axle to a heavy flywheel at ground level. This arrangement allowed the potter to keep the turning wheel rotating by kicking the flywheel with the foot, leaving both hands free for manipulating the vessel under construction. However, from an ergonomic standpoint, sweeping the foot from side to side against the spinning hub is rather awkward. At some point, an alternative solution was invented that involved a crankshaft with a lever that converted up-and-down motion into rotary motion.
The use of the motor-driven wheel has become common in modern times, particularly with craft potters and educational institutions, although human-powered ones are still in use and are preferred by some studio potters.
Techniques of throwing
There are many techniques in use for throwing ceramic containers, although this is a typical procedure:
A round, moist lumpy clump of clay body is thrown at a wheel head or a bat attached to it. (The term "bat" refers to a secondary disc or square, made of wood - or more recently plastic - to which the lump of clay is attached instead of the wheel head, thereby permitting the finished piece to be more easily lifted from the wheel.) The lump or clump is made even and forced to the centre of the wheel by applying pressure with the hands. The thrower finds the centre of the clay by moving a thumb across the lump until no more friction is felt. The thumb is pressed into the centre of the lump, stopping about 5 mm from the wheel head. The hole thus made is widened. The sides thus defined are pulled up and made thinner by pressure between the hands. The vessel is shaped, and the mouth is smoothed. The vessel is cut from the wheel head (or bat) with a cheese wire and left to stiffen. Sometimes the stiffened vessel is inverted on the wheel and trimmed with a sharp tool.
A skilled potter can quickly throw a vessel from 15 kg of clay.[6] Alternatively, by throwing and adding coils of clay then throwing again, pots up to four feet high may be made, the heat of a blowlamp being used to firm each thrown section before adding the next coil. In Chinese manufacture, very large pots are made by two throwers working simultaneously.
The potter's wheel in myth and legend
In Ancient Egyptian mythology, the deity Khnum was said to have formed the first humans on a potter's wheel.
References
- ^ Valentine Roux and Pierre de Miroschedji, Revisiting the History of the Potter's Wheel in the Southern Levant, Levant, Volume 41, Number 2 (Autumn 2009), pp. 155-173.
- ^ Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the archaeological evidence (1994), p. 146.
- ^ Cucoș, Ștefan (1999). "Faza Cucuteni B în zona subcarpatică a Moldovei". Bibliotheca Memoriae antiquitatis (BMA) (Memorial Library antiquities) (in Romanian). 6. Piatra Neamț, Romania: Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamț (Historical Museum Piatra Neamț). OCLC 223302267.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ 萧山日报-数字报纸
- ^ Frank Hamer, Janet Hamer. 2004. The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques. pg 383
- ^ BFI | Film & TV Database | ISAAC BUTTON - COUNTRY POTTER (1965)
External links
