Proto-Northwest Caucasian language
Appearance
(Redirected from Proto-Northwest Causasian)
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Proto-Northwest Caucasian | |
---|---|
PNWC | |
Reconstruction of | Northwest Caucasian languages |
Lower-order reconstructions |
Proto-Northwest Caucasian (sometimes abbreviated PNWC), also Proto-Adyghe-Abazgi or Proto-Adyghe-Abkhaz, is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Northwest Caucasian languages.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Proto-NWC | Proto-Abazgi | Ubykh | Proto-Circassian |
---|---|---|---|
*p | |||
*pː | b | b | pː |
*b | |||
*pʼ | |||
*f | xʷ | ||
*w | |||
*m | |||
*pʲ | p | tʷ | t |
*pʲː | b | (tʷ~dʷ) | tː |
*bʲ | b | dʷ | d |
*pʼʲ | pʼ | tʷʼ | tʼ |
*pʷ | p | f | p |
*bʷ | f | f | b |
*pʷʲ | tsʲ | tʷ | – |
*bʷʲ | dzʲ | dʷ | d |
*pʷʲʼ | tsʲʼ | tʷʼ | tʼ |
*pˤ | p | vˤ | p |
*pˤː | – | bˤ | pː |
*bˤ | b | bˤ | b |
*pˤʼ | – | pˤʼ | pʼ |
*mˤ | m | mˤ | m |
*t | |||
*tː | t | tː | |
*d | |||
*tʼ | |||
*r | r | d-,r~ʁ | tː-,r |
*n | |||
*rʲ | r | ɮ | dz |
*tʷ | tʷ | t | |
*tʷː | d(ʷ) | tʷ | tː |
*dʷ | d | ||
*tʷʼ | tʼ | ||
*tʷʲ | tʷ | – | ts |
*tʷʲʼ | tʷʼ | tʷʼ | tsʼ |
*ts | s-c | ||
*tsː | ts | tsː | |
*dz | dz | dz~z | |
*tsʼ | |||
*s | |||
*z | z | dz~z | z |
*tsʲ | (s) | ||
*tsʲː | dzʲ(?) | ts | tsː |
*dzʲ | dz~z | ||
*tsʲʼ | tsʼ | ||
*sʲ | s | ||
*zʲ | z | dzʲ~zʲ | z |
*tsʷ | sʷ- | ||
*tsʷː | tsʷ | tsʷ | tsʷː |
*dzʷ | – | dzʷ | |
*tsʷʼ | |||
*sʷ | |||
*zʷ | dzʷ~zʷ | zʷ | |
*tsʷʲ | (tʃ) | – | tsʲ |
*dzʷʲ | dʒ~ʒ | dʒʲ | dzʲ |
*tsʷʲʼ | tʃʼ | tʃʲʼ | tsʲʼ |
*sʷʲ | sʲ | tʃʷ | sʲ |
*zʷʲ | dzʲ~zʲ | ʒʷ | zʲ |
*tʃ | tsʲ | ts | s |
*dʒ | dzʲ | dz | dz~z |
*tʃʼ | tsʲʼ | tsʼ | tsʲʼ(?) |
*ʃ(~ʃː) | sʲ | s | s |
*ʒ | zʲ | z | z |
*tɕ | |||
*tɕː | dzʲ(~tɕ) | tɕ | tɕː |
*dʑ | dʑ~ʑ | ||
*tɕʼ | |||
*ɕ | ʃ(?) | ɕ | ʃ |
*ɕː | ʃ | ɕ | ʃː |
*ʑ | ʒ | ʑ | ʒ |
*j | |||
*tʃʷ | tʃ | tʃ | tɕ |
*tʃʷː | zʷ | tʃ | tɕː |
*dʒʷ | dzʷ~zʷ | dʒ | dʑ~ʑ |
*tʃʷʼ | tʃʼ | tʃʼ | tɕʼ |
*ʃʷ | sʷ | ʃ | ʃ |
*ʃʷː | ʃ | ʃ | ʃː |
*ʒʷ | zʲ(?) | ʒ | ʒ |
*tɕʷ | tʃ | tɕ | tʃ |
*tɕʷː | dʒ~ʒ | tɕ | tʃː |
*tɕʷʼ | tʃʼ | tɕʼ | tʃʼ |
*ɕʷ | ʃʷ | ʃʷ | sʲ |
*ɕʷː | ʃ | sʷ | ʃː |
*ʑʷ | ʒʷ | ʒʷ | zʲ |
*tɬ | x | ɕ | tɕ |
*tɬː | ts | (sʲ) | tɕː |
*dɮ | l | ɮ | tħ |
*tɬʼ | x/tsʼ | tsʲʼ | tɕʼ |
*ɬ | – | sʲ | ɕ |
*ɬː | x | sʲ | ɕː |
*l | l | d-,Ø~j | tħ-,ɮ |
*tɬʲ | xʲ | ɕ | tɕ |
*dɮʲ | ɣʲ | ʁ(~zʲ) | ɣ |
*tɬʲʼ | ɕ | tɬʼ | tɬʼ |
*ɬʲ (~ɬʲʼː) | ɕ | ɬ | ɬ |
*ɮʲ | ʑ | ɮ | ɮ |
*lʲ | r-,l~ɣʲ | ɮ | d- |
*tɬʷ | tsʷ | tsʷ | tʃ |
*tɬʷː | tsʷ | tsʷ | tʃː |
*dɮʷ | l | w | ħ |
*tɬʷʼ | tsʼ(ʷ) | tsʼ(ʷ) | tʃʼ |
*ɬʷ | ʃ | sʷ | x(ʷ) |
*ɬʷː | ʃ | s(ʷ) | ɕː |
*tɬʷʲ | tʃʷ | f | x |
*tɬʷʲː | ʒʷ | dʑ | tɕː |
*dɮʷʲ | dʒʷ | dʒ | ɮ |
*tɬʷʲʼ | tʃʷʼ | tsʼ | tɕʼ |
*ɬʷʲ (~ɬʷː) | ʃ | ʃʷ | x(ʷ) |
*ɮʷʲ | ʒ | ʒʷ | ɣʲ |
*k | k | kʲ | kʲ |
*ɡ | ɡ | ɡʲ | ɡʲ |
*kʼ | kʼ | kʲʼ | kʲʼ |
*x | x | ɕ | x |
*ɣ | ɣ | ɣ~ʁ | ɣ |
*kʲ | kʲ | – | kʲ |
*ɡʲ | ɡʲ | – | ɡʲ |
*xʲ | xʲ | sʲ | ɕ |
*ɣʲ | ɣʲ | zʲ | ʑ |
*kʷ | |||
*kʷː | ɡʷ | ɡʷ | kʷː |
*ɡʷ | |||
*kʷʼ | |||
*xʷ | xʷ | x | x(ʷ) |
*ɡʲʷ | ɡʷ | ɡʲ 1 | ɡʷ |
*kʷʲʼ | kʷʼ | kʲʼ | kʷʲʼ |
*xʷʲ | sʷ | xʲ | xʷ |
*ɣʷʲ(?) | zʷ | ʁʲ | ʁʷ |
*q | (ħ) | q | q- |
*qː | q | q | qː |
*ɢ | ɣ | ʁ | ʁ |
*qʼ | qʼ | qʼ | qː |
*χ | ħ | χ | χ |
*ʁ | ʕ | ʁ | ʁ |
*qʲː | q | qʲ | – |
*ɢʲ | ɣʲ | ʁʲ | – |
*qʲʼ | qʲʼ | qʲʼ | ʔ |
*χʲ | ħ | xʲ | χʲ |
*ʁʲ | ʕ | ʁʲ | ʁ |
*qʷ | ħʷ | qʷ | qʷ-,qʷː |
*qʷː | qʷ | qʷ | qʷː |
*ɢʷ | ɣʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ |
*qʷʼ | qʷʼ | qʷʼ | qʷː |
*χʷ | ħʷ | χʷ | χʷ |
*ʁʷ | ʕʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ |
*qʷʲ | ħ(ʷ) | xʲ | qʷ- |
*qʷʲː | – | qʲ | qʷː |
*ɢʷʲ | ɣ(ʷ) | ʁʲ | ʁʷ |
*qʷʲʼ | ʕʷ(qʷʼ?) | qʲʼ | ʔʷ |
*χʷʲ | ħ(ʷ) | χʲ | χʷ |
*ʁʷʲ | ʕ(ʷ) | ʁʲ | ʁʷ |
*qˤː | ʕ | – | qː |
*qˤʼ | ħ(?) | qˤʼ | qː |
*χˤ | – | χˤ | χ |
*ʁˤ | ʕ | ʁˤ | ʁ |
*qˤʲ | q | q(ˤ) | ħ |
*qˤʲː | ʔ | qʼ | ʔ |
*qˤʲʼ | ħ | qʼ | ʔ |
*χˤʲ | ħ | χ(ˤ) | ħ |
*ʁˤʲ | ʕ | ʁ | j |
*qˤʷ | ħʷ | χˤʷ | qʷ- |
*qˤʷː | ʕʷ | qˤ(ʷ) | qʷː |
*qˤʷʼ | qʷʼ(qʷ) | qˤʷʼ | qʷː |
*χˤʷ | ħʷ | χˤʷ | χʷ |
*ʁˤʷ | (ħʷ?) | ʁˤʷ | ʁʷ |
*qˤʷʲ | qʷ | χʷ | ħ |
*qˤʷʲː | ʕʷ | qʷʼ | ʔʷ |
*qˤʷʲʼ | ħʷ | qʷʼ | ʔʷ |
*ʁˤʷʲ | ʕʷ | w | w~ʁʷ |
- In Circassian and Abkhaz, gʷǝ is heart and in Ubykh it's gʲǝ.
The most noticeable changes are:
- The uvular consonants (/χ/ /ʁ/ /χʷ/ /ʁʷ/) become pharyngeal consonants (/ħ/ /ʕ/ /ħʷ/ /ʕʷ/) in the Proto-Abazgi language.
Grammar
[edit]Numbers
[edit]English | Proto-NWC Schulze | Proto-NWC Colarusso | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz | Abaza | Ubykh | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One | za | – | za-kʼə | akʼə | zakʼə | za | zə | zə | zə |
Two | tʼqʷʼa | tʼqʼo | ʕʷ-ba | ɥ-ba | ʕʷ-ba | tʼqʷʼa | tʷʼə | tʷʼə | tʷʼə |
Three | λ:ə | (y-)x̂ə/a | χ-ba | χ-ba/x-ba | χ-ba | ʂa | ɕə | ɕə | ɕə |
Four | pʼλʼa | – | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | pʼɬʼə | t͡ɬə | pɬʼə | pɬʼə |
Five | sx̂ʷə | (w-/y-)ćx̂ə | χʷ-ba | χʷ-ba/xʷ-ba | χʷ-ba | ɕxə | txʷə | tfə | txʷə |
Six | ɬʷə | (w-)x̂cə | tʃʷba? | f-ba | t͡s-ba | fə | xə | xə | xə |
Seven | bδə | ɣə́ | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | blə | bɮə | blə | bɮə |
Eight | – | (w-/y-)ɣə/a | aʕ-ba | aa-ba | aʕ-ba | ʁʷa | jə | jə | jə |
Nine | bğʷʲə | ɣə́ | – | ʑʷ-ba | ʒʷ-ba | bʁʲə | bʁʷə | bʁʷə | bʁʷə |
Ten | bćʼʷə | (p-/w-)źə́/źá | – | ʑʷa-ba | ʒʷa-ba | ʑʷə | pʃʼə | pʃʼə | pɕʼə |
Words
[edit]English | Proto-NWC | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz | Abaza | Ubykh | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | – | sa/sarˈa | sa/sarˈa | sa/sarˈa | səsan | sa | sa | sa |
Heart | ɡʲʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʲə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə |
Sea | – | – | – | – | ɕʷa | xə | xə | xə |
They sell it | – | – | – | – | aːɕan | – | jaːɕan | jaːɕan |
I go | – | – | – | – | skʲʼan | skʷʼan | skʷʼan | skʷʼan |
I say | – | – | – | – | sqʼan | – | sʔʷan | sʔʷan |
Language/tongue | bǝźA | bzǝ | aːbz | bzǝ | bza | bza | bza | bza |
Red | – | – | – | – | pɬə | pɬəʑ | pɬəʑ | pɬəʑ |
Book, Letter | – | – | – | – | txəɬ | txəɬ | txəɬ | txəɬ |
top of the back | – | – | – | – | txə | txə | txə | txə |
Ox | c:ʷǝ | t͡sʷə | á-ć̌ | t͡ʃʷə | t͡sʷə | t͡sʷːə | t͡sʷə, t͡ʃʷə | və |
Blood | – | – | – | – | ɬa | ɬə | ɬə | ɬə |
Month/Moon | – | – | aːmza | məzə | məʒa | maːza | maːza | maːza |
Beard | – | – | – | – | ʒaːkʼʲa | ʒaːkʼʲa | ʒaːt͡ʃʼa | ʒaːt͡ʃʼa |
Dust | – | – | – | – | saːpa | saːpa | saːpa | saːba |
Barefoot | – | – | – | – | ɬapsʼə | ɬapsʼa | ɬapt͡sʼa | ɬapt͡sʼa |
Donkey | – | – | – | – | t͡ʃədə | ʃədə | ʃədə | ʃədə |
Hedgehog | – | – | – | – | pəzʲə | pəʐ | pəʐ | – |
Water | – | – | – | – | bzə | psə | psə | psə |
Fault | – | – | – | – | laːʑa | laːʑa | laːʑa | laːʑa |
House | ʁ́Iʷǝna | – | – | ʕʷna | – | wəna | wəna | wəna |
Mother | (a)nǝ | (a)nǝ | á-n | anǝ | na | aːna | nə | aːna |
Father | (a)ṕ:ǝ | ab | ab | aba | tʷǝ | at:a | tǝ | aːda |
heavy | anǝTa | xanǝta | á-χ́anta | χ́anta | – | want:aʁʷ | wantaʁʷ | wandaʁʷ |
cattle-shed | anǝTa | bawǝ-ra | bora | a-bóra, -bówra | bow | – | – | bow |
guest | – | – | – | – | pč̣́a | ħa-č̣́á | ħaṣ́a | ħāč̣́a |
mountain / hill | bǝɣA | – | bʁa | – | – | bɣǝ | bɣǝ | bɣǝ |
measles / scarlet fever / navel | bǝč̣́ǝ | bǝč̣́ǝ | a-bč̣́ǝ́ | bč̣́ǝ | bǝč̣́ǝ́ | – | nǝbǝǯ́ | bǝnža |
dust / bubble / blister | bǝbǝ | – | á-bǝb | – | – | psǝ-bǝb | psǝ-bǝb | psǝ-bǝb |
See also
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Northwest Caucasian reconstructions
References
[edit]- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.