Protoceratidae

Protoceratids Temporal range: Late Oligocene to Late Pliocene
Protoceras
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Suborder:	Tylopoda
Family:	†Protoceratidae
Subfamilies and Genera
†Leptotragulinae †Heteromeryx †Leptoreodon †Leptotragulus †Poabromylus †Toromeryx †Trigenicus †Protoceratinae †Paratoceras †Protoceras †Pseudoprotoceras †Synthetoceratinae †Kyptoceras †Prosynthetoceras †Synthetoceras †Syndyoceras

Protoceratidae are an extinct, herbivorous group of North American even-toed ungulates. Physically, they resembled deer, but they were more actually closely related to camelids. They ranged from 1 to 2 meters in length, from about the size of a Roe Deer to an Elk. Unlike many modern ungulates, they lacked a cannon bone in their legs. Their dentition was similar to that of modern deer and cattle, suggesting that they fed on tough grasses and similar foodstuffs, with a complex stomach similar to that of camels. It is believed that at least some forms lived in herds.

The most dramatic feature of the protoceratids, however, where the horns of the males. In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, rostral, horns above their nose. These horns were either paired, as in Syndyoceras, or fused at the base, and branching into two near the tip, as in Synthetoceras. In life the horns were probably covered with skin, much like the ossicones of a giraffe. The females were either hornless, or had far smaller horns than the males, and were therefore probably used in sexual display or competition for mates. In later forms, the horns were large enough to have been used in sparring between males, much as with the antlers of some modern deer.