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R33-class airship

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For other uses, see R33 (disambiguation).

R33-class
R34 landing at Mineola on 6 July 1919
Role Patrol airship
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer Armstrong Whitworth (R33)
Beardmore (R34)
First flight 6 March Template:Avyear
Primary user Royal Naval Air Service (to 1918)
Royal Air Force (1918 onwards)
Number built 2
Developed from R31 class airship
Developed into R36

The R33 class of British rigid airships were built for the Royal Naval Air Service during the First World War, but were not completed until after the end of hostilities, by which time the RNAS had become part of the Royal Air Force. The lead ship, R33, went on to serve successfully for ten years and survived one of the most alarming and heroic incidents in airship history when she was torn from her mooring mast in a gale. She was called a "Pulham Pig" by the locals, as the blimps based there had been, and is immortalised in the village sign for Pulham St Mary. The only other airship in the class, R34, became the first aircraft to make an east to west transatlantic flight in July 1919 and by the return flight, completed successfully the first two-way crossing, and was decommissioned two years later after being damaged during a storm. The crew nicknamed her "Tiny".[1]

Design and development

Substantially larger than the preceding R31 class, the R33 class was in the design stage in 1916 when the German Zeppelin L 33 was brought down on English soil. Despite the efforts of the crew to set it on fire, it was captured nearly intact, with engines in working order. For five months, the LZ 76 was carefully examined in order to discover the Germans' secrets.[citation needed]

The existing design was adapted to produce a new airship based on the German craft and two examples were ordered, one (R33) to be constructed by Armstrong-Whitworth at Barlow, North Yorkshire, and the other (R34) by William Beardmore and Company in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland.[1] Assembly began in 1918. The R33 class was semi-streamlined fore and aft, the middle section being straight-sided. The control car was well forward on the ship, with the aft section containing an engine in a separate structure to stop vibrations affecting the sensitive radio direction finding and communication equipment. The small gap was faired over, so the gondola seemed to be a single structure.[2] It was powered by five 275 hp (205 kW) Sunbeam Maori engines, with one in the aft section of the control car, two more in a pair of power cars amidships each driving a pusher propeller via a reversing gearbox for manoeuvering while mooring, and the remaining two in a centrally mounted aft car, geared together to drive a single pusher propeller.[3]

Operational history

R33

The pair of Gloster Grebes under the airship before the test, 26 October 1926
R33 near its hangar

R33 first flew on 6 March 1919,[4] and was sent to RAF Pulham in Norfolk. Between then and 14 October, R33 made 23 flights totalling 337 hours flying time. One of these, a flight promoting "Victory Bonds" even included a brass band playing in the top machine gun post.[4]

In 1920 she was "demilitarised" and given over to civilian work with the civil registration G-FAAG. This work consisted of trials of new mast mooring techniques using the mast erected at Pulham. On one occasion winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) were successfully withstood while moored. Another experiment was an ascent carrying a pilotless Sopwith Camel which was successfully launched over the Yorkshire Moors. After an overhaul, R33 was based at Croydon Airport, moored to a portable mast. In June 1921 it was used by the Metropolitan Police to observe traffic at The Derby,[5] and in July she appeared in the Hendon Air Pageant before flying to Cardington, Bedfordshire, where she was laid up for three years.

On 31 May 1921 the British government cancelled all airship development for financial reasons.[6] Military airships were scrapped, but as a civilian airship R33 was mothballed instead. In 1925, after being inactive for nearly four years, the reconditioned R33 emerged from her shed at Cardington.

At 09:50 on 16 April 1925 the R33 was torn from the mast at Pulham during a gale, and was carried away with only a partial crew of 20 men on board. Her nose partially collapsed and the first gas cell deflated leaving her low in the bow. The crew on board started the engines, gaining some height, and rigged a cover for the bow section, but the R33 was blown out over the North Sea. A Royal Navy vessel was readied and left the nearby port of Lowestoft in case the R33 came down in the sea. The local lifeboat was launched, but was driven back by the weather conditions.[7]

Some five hours after the initial break from the mast, R33 was under control but still being blown towards the Continent. As she approached the Dutch coast R33 was given the option of landing at De Kooy, where a party of 300 men was standing by.[7] Late in the evening R33 was able to hold her position over the Dutch coast, hovering there until 5 o'clock the next morning. She was then able to slowly make her way back home, arriving at the Suffolk coast eight hours later and reaching Pulham at 13:50 hrs, where she was put into the shed alongside the R36.

For their actions the airship's first officer, who had been in command, Lieutenant Ralph Booth was awarded the Air Force Cross, the coxswain, Flight-Sergeant "Sky" Hunt, was awarded the Air Force Medal, four other crew members were awarded the British Empire Medal and the other crew members were presented with inscribed watches.[8]

The forward section of R33 control car at RAF Museum (Hendon), 2008

In October 1925, following repairs, she was used for experiments to provide data for the construction of the R101 airship. Once these were finished, in mid-October, she was used for trials launching a parasite fighter, using a DH 53 Hummingbird light aircraft. After some near misses, a successful launch and recapture was achieved in December that year. The following year she launched a pair of Gloster Grebes weighing about a ton apiece, the first of which was flown by Flying Officer Campbell MacKenzie-Richards.[9] She was then sent to the sheds at Pulham where she was finally broken up in 1928, after severe metal fatigue was found in her frame. The forward portion of R33's control car is on display at the RAF Museum at Hendon.

R34

R34 made her first flight on 14 March 1919 and was delivered to her service base at East Fortune on 29 May after a 21-hour flight from Inchinnan. R34 had set out the previous evening but thick fog made navigation difficult, and after spending the night over the North Sea the airship was unable to moor in the morning due to fog. After cruising as far south as Yorkshire R34 returned to East Fortune to dock at about 3 p.m.[10] The airship made her first endurance trip of 56 hours over the Baltic from 17 to 20 June.[citation needed]

It was then decided to attempt the first return Atlantic crossing, under the command of Major George Scott.[11] R34 had never been intended as a passenger carrier and extra accommodation was arranged by slinging hammocks in the keel walkway. A plate was welded to an engine exhaust pipe to allow for the preparation of hot food.[citation needed]

The crew included Brigadier-General Edward Maitland and Zachary Lansdowne as the representative of the US Navy.[12] William Ballantyne, one of the crew members scheduled to stay behind to save weight, stowed away with the crew's mascot, a small tabby kitten called "Whoopsie"; they emerged at 2.00 p.m. on the first day, too late to be dropped off.[13]

The wreck of the R34 at Howden in January 1921

R34 left Britain on 2 July 1919 and arrived at Mineola, Long Island, United States, on 6 July after a flight of 108 hours with virtually no fuel left.[14] As the landing party had no experience of handling large rigid airships, Major E. M. Pritchard jumped by parachute and so became the first person to reach American soil by air from Europe. This was the first East-West aerial crossing of the Atlantic and was achieved weeks after the first transatlantic aeroplane flight. The return journey to RNAS Pulham took place from 10 to 13 July and took 75 hours. Returned to East Fortune for a refit, R34 then flew to Howden, East Yorkshire, for crew training.[citation needed]

On 27 January 1921 R34 set off on what should have been a routine exercise. Over the North Sea the weather worsened and a recall signal sent by radio was not received. Following a navigational error the craft flew into a hillside on the North Yorkshire Moors during the night, and the ship lost two propellers. She went back out to sea using the two remaining engines and in daylight followed the Humber Estuary back to Howden.[15] Strong winds made it impossible to get her back into the shed and she was tied down outside for the night. By the morning further damage had occurred and R34 was written off and scrapped.[16]

Operators

 United Kingdom

Specifications

Data from [1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 26

Performance

See also

Related development

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "R34: the Record Breaker". The Airship Heritage Trust. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  2. ^ Higham 1961, p.181
  3. ^ Some Notes on the Transatlantic Voyage of R.33 Flight 3 July 1919, pp. 888–91
  4. ^ a b "R.33: Early Life". Airship Heritage Trust. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  5. ^ "Anxious Night In R 34". The Times. No. 42732. London. 28 May 1921. col F, p. 10. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  6. ^ Higham 1961, p. 198
  7. ^ a b R.33's Night Out Flight 23 April 1925, pp-246-9
  8. ^ R.33 Awards Flight 21 May 1925. p. 307
  9. ^ The Times (22 October 1926).
  10. ^ "Anxious Night In R 34". The Times. No. 42113. London. 30 May 1919. col C, p. 10. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  11. ^ Scott was killed in the R101 crash
  12. ^ "R.34 crew list". The Airship Heritage Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  13. ^ "R.34: The Atlantic Flight". The Airship Heritage Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  14. ^ The Transatlantic Voyage of R.34 Flight 10 July 1919, pp. 906–10
  15. ^ "Collapse Of R.34". The Times. No. 42631. London. 29 January 1921. col D, p. 10. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  16. ^ "R 34: Final Life". The Airship Heritage Trust. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  17. ^ THE TELEGRAPH: America Airship: the first transatlantic crossing by Jasper Copping, October 13, 2010

Bibliography

  • Abbott, Patrick. Airship the Story of R.34 and the First East-West Crossing of the Atlantic By Air. Encore Editions, 1977. ISBN 978-0684152349.
  • Griehl, Manfred and Dressel, Joachim. Zeppelin! The German Airship Story. London, Arms and Armour Press, 1990. ISBN 1-85409-045-3.
  • Higham, Robin. The British Rigid Airship 1908–1931. Henley-on-Thames: Foulis, 1961.
  • Mowthorpe, Ces. Battlebags: British Airships of the First World War. 1995. ISBN 0-905778-13-8.
  • Rosie, George. Flight of the Titan: The Story of the R34. Birlinn Ltd, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84158-863-6.
  • Venty, Arthur Frederick and Eugene M. Kolesnik. Airship Saga: The History of Airships Seen Through the Eyes of the Men Who Designed, Built, and Flew Them. Poole, Dorset, UK: Blandford Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0-7137-1001-4.
  • Venty, Arthur Frederick and Eugene M. Kolesnik. Jane's Pocket Book of Airships. New York: Collier Books, 1976. ISBN 0-356-04656-7.
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