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Rat snake

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Rat snake
Aesculapian snake (Zamenis longissimus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Subphylum:
Vertebrata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Suborder:
Serpentes
Family:
Colubridae
Subfamily:
Colubrinae
Genus:
Various

Rat snakes (or ratsnakes) are members – along with kingsnakes, milk snakes, vine snakes and indigo snakes – of the subfamily Colubrinae of the family Colubridae. They are medium to large constrictors and are found throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. They feed primarily on rodents and birds. With some species exceeding 3 m (10 ft) in total length, they can occupy top levels of some food chains. Many species make attractive and docile pets and one, the corn snake, is one of the most popular reptile pets in the world.[citation needed] Other species can be very skittish and sometimes aggressive, but bites are rarely serious. Like nearly all colubrids, rat snakes pose no threat to humans. Rat snakes were long thought to be completely nonvenomous, but recent studies have shown that some Old World species do possess small amounts of venom (so small as to be negligible to humans).[citation needed]

Previously, most rat snakes were assigned to the genus Elaphe, but many have been since renamed following mitochondrial DNA analysis performed in 2002. For the purpose of this article, names will be harmonized with the TIGR Database[clarification needed].

Species

Old World rat snakes

Black rat snake, Pantherophis obsoletus
Red-tailed green rat snake, Gonyosoma oxycephalum
Rhinoceros ratsnake, Rhynchophis boulengeri
Mandarin rat snake, Euprepiophis mandarinus

Coelognathus spp

Elaphe spp

Euprepiophis spp

Gonyosoma spp

Oreocryptophis spp

Orthriophis spp

Ptyas spp

Rhadinophis spp

Rhynchophis spp

Zamenis spp

Black ratsnake, Pantherophis obsoletus (formerly Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta): The blue eyes indicate the snake is in a shed cycle.
Yellow rat snake Pantherophis sp. (formerly Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata) from Florida

New World rat snakes

Bogertophis spp

Pantherophis spp

Pseudelaphe spp

Senticolis spp

Spilotes spp

  • Chicken snake or yellow rat snake, S. pullatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Nota bene: In the above species lists, an authority's name in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a different genus. An authority's name not in parentheses indicates that the species is still assigned to the original genus in which it was described.

Taxonomy

In recent years, some taxonomic controversy has occurred over the genus of North American rat snakes. Based on mitochondrial DNA, Utiger et al. (2002) showed that North American rat snakes of the genus Elaphe, along with closely related genera such as Pituophis and Lampropeltis, form a monophyletic group separate from Old World members of the genus. They therefore suggested the resurrection of the available name Pantherophis Fitzinger for all North American taxa (north of Mexico).[1][2] Crother et al. (2008) accepted the taxonomic change to Pantherophis.[3]

In captivity

Rat snakes are commonly kept as pets by reptile enthusiasts. The corn snake, one of the most popular pet reptiles, is a rat snake. New World species are generally thought to be more docile in captivity as opposed to Old World rat snakes, of which the opposite is assumed.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Molecular systematics and phylogeny of Old and New World ratsnakes, Elaphe auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae)" (PDF). Russian Journal of Herpetology. 9 (2): 105–124. 2002. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Elaphe obsoleta at The Center for North American Herpetology. Accessed 20 June 2008.
  3. ^ Crother BI, et al. (2008) Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico: 6th edition. Herp. Rev. 37, pp. 58–59. or see pp. 64 ff in the 7th edition.

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