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Reichsgericht

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Imperial Court
Reichsgericht
The Reichsgericht building in Leipzig (today the seat of the Federal Administrative Court)
Map
51°19′59″N 12°22′11″E / 51.33306°N 12.36972°E / 51.33306; 12.36972
Established1 Oktober 1879
Dissolved30 October 1945
JurisdictionGerman Empire
LocationLeipzig, Saxony, German Empire
Coordinates51°19′59″N 12°22′11″E / 51.33306°N 12.36972°E / 51.33306; 12.36972
LanguageGerman
Type of tribunalSupreme court

The Reichsgericht (German: [ˈʁaɪçs.ɡəˌʁɪçt], transl. Reich Court or National Court) was the supreme criminal and civil court of Germany from 1879 to 1945, encompassing the periods of the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. It was based in Leipzig.

The Reichsgericht began its work on 1 October 1879, the date on which the Reichsjustizgesetze [de] (Imperial Judiciary Acts) came into effect. The acts standardised court types and procedural rules across the newly formed German Empire and established judicial independence and unrestricted access to the courts.[1]

The court's jurisdiction included both criminal and civil cases. It handled appeals, charges of treason and, after 1920, the compatibility of state and national laws. Throughout its life, its major rulings tended to be conservative. They included the conviction of Karl Liebknecht for high treason in 1907, the lenient treatment of the men charged in the 1920 Kapp Putsch and support of the Nazi's antisemitic racial laws.

The Reichsgericht was abolished following Germany's defeat in World War II.

Composition and jurisdiction

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The court was headed by a president and a number of senate presidents and counsellors (Reichsgerichtsräte). The number of civil and criminal senates was determined by the Reich Chancellor until 1924, at which point the Reich minister of justice took over the task. During the imperial period, the president of the Reichsgericht, the presidents of the senates and the members of the Reichsgericht were appointed by the emperor on the recommendation of the Bundesrat, then during the Weimar era by the Reich president on the recommendation of the Reichsrat. The formal prerequisites for appointment were meeting the general qualifications for the office of judge and having reached the age of 35.[2]

The Reichsgericht was a court of general jurisdiction. It ruled on criminal and civil cases (including civil disputes, legal acts of the state in its fiscal capacity, commercial matters and labour law). There was no separate labour court system (Arbeitsgerichtsbarkeit [de]) until 1926. The Reichsgericht was also responsible for state liability law. As vested competencies, the Reichsgericht decided on civil appeals of final judgments and complaints against orders of Higher Regional Courts (Oberlandesgerichte). Until 1934, the Reichsgericht ruled in the first and last instance on cases of high treason and treason if the crimes were directed against the German emperor or the state.[3]

From 1920, with the implementation law for Article 13(2) of the Weimar Constitution, the Reichsgericht also ruled on the compatibility of state and Reich law.[4]

Case law

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Empire

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Flag of the German Empire

With the exception of its jurisdiction in matters of treason, the Reichsgericht was purely an appellate court during the era of the German Empire. Its task was to ensure uniformity of jurisprudence throughout the territory of the German Empire. A national civil code (the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) went only into effect on 1 January 1900, and the civil law systems of the individual states were not harmonised with one another until this time. The General State Laws for the Prussian States, for the Rhineland, Baden, Saxony and uncodified common law all applied side by side.[5]

Critics saw the Reichsgericht as a continuation of the Prussian High Tribunal. The judiciary was characterised by monarchical conservatism. Particularly in the area of criminal law, critical voices were in the minority at the court during the Empire, as they were in other state institutions at the time. In 1912, for example, the court ruled that the publication by the Social Democratic Party (SPD) of a brochure that was aimed at civil servants and called on them to vote for the SPD was offensive.[6] In its verdict of 12 October 1907 in the high treason trial against Karl Liebknecht, the Reichsgericht stated that the unconditional obedience of soldiers to the emperor was a central provision of the Constitution of the German Empire. Liebknecht had argued that imperial orders were null and void if they were intended to violate the constitution. He was sentenced to eighteen months in prison for acts preliminary to high treason.[7]

Weimar Republic

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Flag of the Weimar Republic

In the Weimar Republic, the court continued in its conservative path, especially in the area of criminal law. In the judgments it handed down on 21 December 1921 in the trial of three participants in the right-wing Kapp Putsch, there was only one conviction – Traugott von Jagow [de], the interior minister under the putsch government, who was sentenced to the minimum penalty of five years' imprisonment. The criminal proceedings against two co-defendants were dropped because, according to the court, they had not played a leading role in the coup attempt. None of the leaders of the putsch was ever brought to trial.[8][9]

In the 1921 Leipzig war crimes trials which took place before the Reichsgericht, only a few German war criminals were punished. Many cases were dropped, and of the few convictions, the verdicts against two members of the navy for sinking an English hospital ship were later secretly overturned.[10] On 23 November 1931, Carl von Ossietzky was sentenced to 18 months in prison for espionage in the Weltbühne trial because an article published in his magazine had revealed the secret and illegal rearmament of the Reichswehr.[11]

Since violence from the right was not countered as forcefully as that from the left – some verdicts in the trials of the right-wing Feme murders in particular justified the accusation – the Weltbühne trial and others like it contributed to the view that the judiciary during the Weimar Republic was "blind in its right eye".[12]

The Reichsgericht made some groundbreaking decisions in the field of civil law during the period. Revaluation case law, for example, which developed under the impact of German hyperinflation and the Great Depression, was nothing short of revolutionary. The Reichsgericht for the first time granted itself the authority to examine laws for their validity,[13] which led to the previously recognised mark-for-mark principle (par value principle) being abandoned due to the extremely high rate of inflation.[14][page needed]

Nazi era

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Flag of Germany (1935–1945)

After Adolf Hitler came to power, the Law on Admission to the Bar forced Jewish and Social Democratic judges (including Senate President Alfons David [de] and Reichsgericht justice Hermann Grossmann [de]) to resign, and Jewish lawyers at the Reichsgericht were prevented from continuing their work.[15]

In the period that followed, the Reichsgericht did not oppose the Nazi takeover or the regime's numerous illegal acts. Instead it became deeply entangled in the National Socialist justice system, for example when it sentenced the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe to death on the basis of the retroactively applied Law on Imposition and Enforcement of the Death Penalty in the Reichstag fire trial.[16] The acquittal of the other four defendants was one of the reasons why the Reichsgericht was stripped of its jurisdiction in matters of treason in 1934 by the law that established the People's Court.[17]

Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938 led to the dissolution of the Supreme Court of Justice in Vienna and the transfer of its jurisdiction to the Reichsgericht.[18] When the measure was implemented on 1 April 1939, the Reichsgericht became the supreme court of appeal for Austrian civil cases.[19] Although partial reforms were made to Austrian substantive law, the Austrian General Civil Code remained the applicable private law code in Austria. Meanwhile, the 8th Civil Senate was established at the Reichsgericht, to which all legal matters concerning Austria, the Sudeten German territories and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were assigned whenever the jurisdiction of the first five senates was not applicable. It was dissolved due to understaffing before the Reichsgericht was abolished.[citation needed]

Racial Laws

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In civil law, the Reichsgericht handed down decisions – for example on marriage and contract law – that affected the status of Jews under the National Socialist government. In 1935, the Reichsgericht wrote:

The court is in agreement with the verdict that, given the fundamental importance of the racial question in the National Socialist state, the education of young people of Aryan descent to become members of the national community conscious of their kind and race, forms an integral part of the educational process and that this education is not guaranteed if the foster mother but not the foster father is of Aryan descent.

— Reichsgericht, Judgment of 2 November 1935 – IV B 7/35 [20]

In 1935, in a further development of the law, the Reichsgericht recognised even before the Nuremberg Laws were passed that if a marriage partner was Jewish, it was grounds for annulling the marriage, although a formal legal basis for such terminations was not created until the Marriage Act enacted in 1938.[21] On the interpretation or reinterpretation of contracts with Jews, it ruled that "the National Socialist worldview requires that only those of German origin (and those legally equal to them) be treated as legally valid in the German Reich".[22] With the ruling, the Reichsgericht adopted the racist subversion of the private law system that was developed by the German legal scholarship of the time, especially by the Kiel School [de] (Kieler Schule). One of its most important representatives, the legal philosopher Karl Larenz, wrote in 1935, just a few months before the judgment was handed down: "A person is only a legal comrade if he is a national comrade; a national comrade is a person of German blood. Those outside the national community are not within the law."[23]

End of the Reichsgericht

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Following the collapse of National Socialism with the defeat of Germany, the Reichsgericht was dissolved by the Allies in 1945[24] and was not re-established. The last president of the court, Erwin Bumke, committed suicide two days after the US Army entered Leipzig.[25]

Beginning on 25 August 1945, 39 judges of the Reichsgericht (more than one third of the total staff) were arrested by the NKVD (the Soviet secret service). The four survivors were released between 1950 and 1955; the others had starved to death or died of disease.[26]

Provisional supreme courts were formed in the individual occupation zones. In 1950, the newly established Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) took over the tasks of the Reichsgericht for the Federal Republic of Germany. Former judges of the Reichsgericht were among the first judges in the court. In 1952, the Federal Court of Justice ruled that the Reichsgericht had ceased to exist on 30 October 1945. In the German Democratic Republic, the Supreme Court of East Germany took over the Reichsgericht's duties.[citation needed]

Building

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Located in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany, the building (Reichsgerichtsgebäude) was designed by Ludwig Hoffmann and Peter Dybwad, and construction was completed in 1895. It is designed in the Italian renaissance style and features two large courtyards, a central cupola and a large portico at the entrance.[27] The rich decorative gable and sculptures are by Otto Lessing. After the German reunification, the former Reichsgericht building was renovated and became the seat of the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court).

List of presidents

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No. Portrait Name Took office Left office Time in office
1
Eduard von Simson
Simson, EduardEduard von Simson
(1810–1899)		1 October 18791 February 189111 years, 123 days
2
Otto von Oehlschläger
Oehlschläger, OttoOtto von Oehlschläger
(1831–1904)		1 February 18911 November 190312 years, 273 days
3
Karl Gutbrod
Gutbrod, KarlKarl Gutbrod
(1844–1905)		1 November 190317 April 1905 †1 year, 167 days
4
Rudolf von Seckendorff [de]
Seckendorff, RudolfRudolf von Seckendorff [de]
(1844–1932)		18 June 19051 January 192014 years, 197 days
5
Heinrich Delbrück [de]
Delbrück, HeinrichHeinrich Delbrück [de]
(1855–1922)		1 January 19203 July 1922 †2 years, 183 days
6
Walter Simons
Simons, WalterWalter Simons
(1861–1937)		16 October 19221 April 19296 years, 167 days
7
Erwin Bumke
Bumke, ErwinErwin Bumke
(1874–1945)		1 April 192920 April 1945 †16 years, 19 days

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reichsgericht.

References

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  1. ^ Rüdorff, H. (1892). Stenglein, M. (ed.). Strafgesetzbuch für das deutsche Reich. Mit Kommentar [Penal Code for the German Empire. With Commentary] (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 26–28. doi:10.1515/9783112428047. ISBN 978-3-11-242804-7.
  2. ^ Blachly, Frederick Frank; Oatman, Miriam Eulalie (1928). The Government and Administration of Germany. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 435–436. ISBN 978-0-697-00152-8.
  3. ^ "Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz vom 27. Januar 1877. Neunter Titel. Bundesgerichtshof. Paragraf 134 (1. April 1924)" [Judicature Act of 27 January 1877. Title Nine. Federal Court of Justice, Section 134 (1 April 1924)]. lexetius (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  4. ^ "Gesetz zur Ausführung des Artikel 13 Abs. 2 der Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs. Vom 8. April 1920" [Law for the Implementation of Article 13, Paragraph 2 of the Constitution of the German Reich. From 8 April 1920.]. documentArchiv (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  5. ^ Seiler, Hans Hermann (2005). Geschichte und Gegenwart im Zivilrecht. Das Reichsgericht und das österreichische Allgemeine bürgerliche Gesetzbuch [History and the Present in Civil Law. The German Reichsgericht and the Austrian General Civil Code] (in German). Cologne: Heymanns. pp. 181 f. ISBN 978-3-452-25387-3.
  6. ^ "Aktenzeichen IV 488/12 28.06.1912" [Reference Number IV 488/12 28 June 1912]. RGSt Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Strafsachen 1880 bis 1945 (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  7. ^ Der Hochverratsprozeß gegen Karl Liebknecht vor dem Reichsgericht. Verhandlungsbericht nebst einem Nachwort [The Treason Trial of Karl Liebknecht before the Supreme Court of the German Reich. Trial Report with an Afterword] (in German). Berlin: Buchhandlung Vorwärts. 1907.
  8. ^ Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011). "Kampf um die Republik 1919–1923. Aufstände und Putschversuche: Politische Justiz". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) (in German). Retrieved 31 October 2024. [The Fight for the Republic 1919–1923. Uprisings and Attempted Coups: Political Justice]
  9. ^ Körner, Klaus (April 2023). "Kapp-Putsch-Prozess" [Kapp Putsch Trial]. Lexikon der politischen Strafprozesse (in German). Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  10. ^ "Leipziger Prozesse. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg: Kriegsverbrecher vor Gericht in Leipzig" [Leipzig Trials. After the First World War: War Criminals on Trial in Leipzig]. MDR (Mitteldeutsche Rundfunk) (in German). 10 January 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  11. ^ Hannover, Heinrich; Hannover-Drück, Elisabeth (1987). Politische Justiz 1918–1933 [Political Justice 1918–1933] (in German). Bornheim-Merten: Lamuv Verlag. pp. 186–192. ISBN 978-3-889-77125-4.
  12. ^ Ostendorf, Heribert (24 April 2018). "Politische Strafjustiz in Deutschland" [Political Criminal Justice in Germany]. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) (in German). Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  13. ^ "Aktenzeichen V 621/24 04.11.1925" [Reference Number V 621/24 04 November 1925]. RGSt Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Strafsachen 1880 bis 1945 (in German). Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  14. ^ Nörr, Knut Wolfgang (1996). Der Richter zwischen Gesetz und Wirklichkeit – Die Reaktion des Reichsgerichts auf die Krisen von Weltkrieg und Inflation, und die Entfaltung eines neuen richterlichen Selbstverständnisses [The Judge between Law and Reality – The Reaction of the Reichsgericht to the Crises of World War and Inflation, and the Development of a New Judicial Self-Image] (in German). Heidelberg: Verlag C. F. Müller.
  15. ^ Gruchmann, Lothar (2001). Justiz im Dritten Reich 1933–1940 [Justice in the Third Reich 1933–1940] (in German) (3rd ed.). Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 126 f. ISBN 978-3-486-53833-5.
  16. ^ Kellerhoff, Sven-Felix (12 January 2008). "Aufgehoben, nicht freigesprochen" [Not acquitted, but nullified]. Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  17. ^ Prinz, Claudia (15 July 2015). "Der Volksgerichtshof" [The People's Court]. Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  18. ^ "Verordnung zur zweiten Überleitung der Rechstspflege im Lande Österreich und in den sudentendeutschen Gebieten. Vom 28. Februar 1939. RGBl. I S. 358" [Decree on the second transfer of legal administration in the state of Austria and in the Sudeten German territories. From 28 February 1939. RGBl. I p. 358]. ALEX Historische Rechts- und Gesetzestexte (in German). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  19. ^ Kaul, Friedrich Karl (1971). Geschichte des Reichsgerichts, Band IV (1933–1945) [History of the Reichsgericht, Vol. IV (1933–1945)] (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 44 ff, 338. ISBN 978-3-112-73774-3.
  20. ^ "Aktenzeichen IV B 7/35 11.02.1935" [Reference number IV B 7/35 2 November 1935]. RGSt Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Strafsachen 1880 bis 1945 (in German). Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  21. ^ "In the Matter of M". casetext. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  22. ^ "RG v. 27. Juni 1936; der Fall Charell" [RG v. 27. June 1936; The Charell Case]. Juristischen Wochenschrift (in German). 1936: 2529 ff.
  23. ^ Klee, Ernst (2005). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich [The Encyclopedia of People of the Third Reich] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch. p. 358. ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.
  24. ^ "Military Government – Germany. Supreme Commander's Area of Control. Law No. 2. German Courts". Deutsche Nationale Bibliothek. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  25. ^ "Erwin Bumke". MunzigeriArchiv (in German). Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  26. ^ Schäfer, August (1957). "Das große Sterben im Reichsgericht" [The Great Dying in the Reichsgericht]. Deutsche Richterzeitung. pp. 249–250.
  27. ^ Reichsgericht, Leipzig[usurped]
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