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Restigouche-class destroyer

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Restigouche, Terra Nova and Gatineau in 1983
Class overview
NameRestigouche class
Builders
Operators
Preceded bySt. Laurent class
Succeeded byMackenzie class
In commission7 June 1958 – 1 July 1998
Planned7
Completed7
Retired7
General characteristics
TypeDestroyer escort
Displacement
  • As built:
  • 2,390 t (2,352.3 long tons) (normal)
  • 2,800 t (2,755.8 long tons) (deep load)
  • After IRE:
  • 2,900 t (2,854.2 long tons) (deep load)
Length
  • 366 ft (111.6 m) (waterline)
  • 371 ft (113.1 m) (overall)
Beam42 ft (12.8 m)
Draught
  • 13.17 ft (4.0 m) normal
  • 14 ft (4.3 m) deep load
Propulsion
Speed28 knots (52 km/h)
Range4,750 nautical miles (8,800 km) at 14 knots (26 km/h)
Complement
  • As built: 249
  • After IRE/DELEX: 214
Sensors and
processing systems
  • As built:
  • 1 × SPS-12 air search radar
  • 1 × SPS-10B surface search radar
  • 1 × Sperry Mk.2 navigation radar
  • 1 × SQS-501 high frequency bottom profiler sonar
  • 1 × SQS-502 high frequency mortar control sonar
  • 1 × SQS-503 hull mounted active search sonar
  • 1 × SQS-10 hull mounted active search sonar
  • 1 × Mk.69 gunnery control system with SPG-48 director forward
  • 1 × GUNAR Mk.64 GFCS with on-mount SPG-48 director aft
  • After IRE:
  • 1 × SPS-12 air search radar
  • 1 × SPS-10B surface search radar
  • 1 × Sperry Mk.2 navigation radar
  • 1 × SQS-501 high frequency bottom profiler sonar
  • 1 × SQS-502 high frequency mortar control sonar
  • 1 × SQS-503 hull mounted active search sonar
  • 1 × SQS-10 hull mounted active search sonar
  • 1 × AQA-5 Jezebel passive tracer sonar
  • 1 × Mk.69 gunnery control system with SPG-48 director forward
  • After DELEX:
  • 1 × Marconi SPS 502 air search radar
  • 1 × Raytheon SPS 10D surface search radar
  • 1 × Sperry Mk.127 E navigation radar
  • 1 × SQS-505 hull sonar
  • 1 × SQS 505 VDS sonar
  • 1 × Mk.69 gunnery control system with SPG-515 director forward
  • After Gulf War:
  • 1 × Marconi SPS 502 air search radar
  • 1 × Raytheon SPS 10D surface search radar
  • 1 × Sperry Mk.127 E navigation radar
  • 1 × SQS-505 hull sonar
  • 1 × SQS-505 VDS sonar
  • 1 × C-Tech mine avoidance sonar
  • 1 × Mk.69 gunnery control system with SPG-515 director forward
Electronic warfare
& decoys
  • As built:
  • 1 × DAU HF/DF (high frequency direction finder)
  • After IRE:
  • 1 × ULQ-6 jammer
  • 1 × WLR-1C radar analyzer
  • 1 × UPD-501 radar detector
  • 1 × SRD-501 HF/DF
  • After DELEX:
  • 1 × CANEWS
  • 1 × ULQ-6 jammer
  • After Gulf War:
  • 1 × CANEWS
  • 1 × ULQ-6 jammer
  • 1 × ALR-74 threat warning
Armament
  • As built:
  • 1 × 3"/70 Mk.6 Vickers twin mount forward
  • 1 × 3 in (76 mm) Mk.33 FMC twin mount aft
  • 2 × Mk NC 10 Limbo ASW mortars
  • 2 × single Mk.2 "K-gun" launchers with homing torpedoes
  • 1 × 103 mm Bofors illumination rocket launchers
  • After IRE/DELEX:
  • 1 × 3"/70 Mk.6 Vickers twin mount forward
  • 1 × Mk.112 ASROC octuple launcher
  • 1 × Mk NC 10 Limbo ASW mortars
  • 2 × Mk.32 triple torpedo launchers firing Mk.46 Mod 5 torpedoes
  • After Gulf War:
  • 1 × 3"/70 Mk.6 Vickers twin mount forward
  • 2 × Harpoon quad SSM launchers
  • shoulder-launched Blowpipe and Javelin SAMs
  • 1 × Phalanx 20 mm CIWS
  • 2 × 40 mm/60 Bofors guns
  • 6 × .50 cal. machine guns
  • 2 × Mk.32 triple torpedo launchers firing Mk.46 Mod 5 torpedoes

The Restigouche-class destroyer was a class of seven destroyer escorts that served the Royal Canadian Navy and later the Canadian Forces from the late-1950s to the late-1990s. All seven vessels in the class were named after rivers in Canada.

The Royal Canadian Navy began planning the St. Laurent-class destroyer in the late 1940s and originally intended to procure fourteen vessels. Delays in design and construction saw the number of vessels for the St. Laurent class halved to seven. The seven remaining vessels were redesigned as the Restigouche class, taking into account design improvements found during construction of the St. Laurents. The seven ships of the class were commissioned between 1958 and 1959.[1]

Design and description

[edit]
Gatineau in 1974.

Based on the preceding St. Laurent-class design, the Restigouches had the same hull and propulsion, but different weaponry.[2] Initially the St. Laurent class had been planned to be 14 ships. However the order was halved, and the following seven were redesigned to incorporate improvements made on the St. Laurents. As time passed, their design diverged further from that of the St. Laurents.[3]

The ships had a displacement of 2,000 tonnes (2,000 long tons), 2,500 t (2,500 long tons) at deep load. They were designed to be 112 metres (366 ft) long with a beam of 13 metres (42 ft) and a draught of 4.01 metres (13 ft 2 in).[2] The Restigouches had a complement of 214.[4]

The Restigouches were powered by two English Electric geared steam turbines, each driving a propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Babcock & Wilcox boilers. They generated 22,000 kilowatts (30,000 shp) giving the vessels a maximum speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).[2]

The Restigouches were equipped with SPS-10, SPS-12, Sperry Mk 2 and SPG-48 radar along with SQS-501 and SQS-503 sonar.[5]

Armament

[edit]

The Restigouches diverged from the St. Laurents in their weaponry. The Restigouches were equipped with one twin mount of Vickers 3-inch (76 mm)/70 calibre Mk 6 dual-purpose guns forward and maintained one twin mount of 3-inch/50 calibre Mk 22 guns aft used in the preceding class.[note 1] A Mk 69 fire control director was added to control the new guns.[6] They were also armed with two Limbo Mk 10 mortars and two single Bofors 40 mm guns.[2] However the 40 mm guns were dropped in the final design.[6]

The 3 in/70 Mk 6 gun was initially designed by Vickers for use aboard the Tiger-class cruiser. The guns weighed 1,200 kilograms (2,650 lb), had 1,000 rounds stored and could fire 90 rounds per minute. The gun could fire a projectile that weighed 16.4 kilograms (36 lb) at a muzzle velocity of 1,000 metres per second (3,400 ft/s). Each twin mount had a 360° train rate, was capable of elevation between −15° and 90°, and able to elevate at 30° per second.[7] The 3 in/70 mounting was placed in the 'A' position,[4] and could fire a round up to 16.9 kilometres (10.5 mi).[8]

The 3 in/50 Mk 22 dual-purpose gun was a United States design that dated back to the Second World War. Each gun weighed 800 kilograms (1,760 lb). The gun fired a projectile that weighed 10.9 kilograms (24 lb) at a muzzle velocity of 820 metres per second (2,700 ft/s). The guns were placed in a Mk 33 twin mount capable of traversing 360° and with an elevation range of −15° to 85°.[9] The 3 in/50 mounting was placed in the 'Y' position.[4] Each gun could fire up to 50 rounds per minute up to 13 kilometres (8 mi).[8]

The Limbo was a British-designed three-barrel mortar capable of launching a projectile shell between 370–910 metres (400–1,000 yd). Placed on stabilized mountings, the projectiles always entered the water at the same angle. The total weight of the shell was 180 kilograms (390 lb).[10]

The destroyers were also equipped beginning in 1958 with Mk 43 homing torpedoes in an effort to increase the distance between the ships and their targets. The Mk 43 torpedo had a range of 4,100 metres (4,500 yd) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). They were pitched over the side by a modified depth charge thrower.[11]

Improved Restigouche Escorts (IRE)

[edit]

As part of the 1964 naval program, the Royal Canadian Navy planned to improve the attack capabilities of the Restigouche class. Unable to convert the vessels to helicopter-carrying versions like the St. Laurents due to budget constraints, instead the Restigouches were to receive variable depth sonar (VDS) to improve their sonar range, placed on the stern, and the RUR-5 anti-submarine rocket (ASROC).[3] The destroyers also received a stepped lattice mast.[2] Called the Improved Restigouche Escorts (IRE), Terra Nova was the first to undergo conversion, beginning in May 1965. The conversion took ten months to complete, followed by sea trials. The sea trials delayed the conversion of the next ship for four years.[12] By 1969, the budget for naval programs had been cut and only four out of the seven (Terra Nova, Restigouche, Gatineau and Kootenay) would get upgraded to IRE standards and the remaining three (Chaudière, Columbia, and St. Croix) were placed in reserve.[4][13]

The ASROC launcher replaced the 3 in/50 cal twin mount and one Mk 10 Limbo mortars aft.[2] The ASROC was rocket-propelled Mk 44 torpedo that had a minimum range of 820 metres (900 yd) and a maximum range of 9,100 metres (10,000 yd).[14] The Mk 44 torpedo had a weight of 193 kilograms (425 lb), was 2.5 metres (100 in) long and carried a 34-kilogram (75 lb) warhead. The torpedo itself had a maximum range of 5,500 metres (6,000 yd) at 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph). The torpedo was acoustically guided.[15] The ships carried eight reloads.[8]

Destroyer Life Extension (DELEX)

[edit]

The Destroyer Life Extension (DELEX) refit for the four surviving Restigouches was announced in 1978. An effort by Maritime Command to update their existing stock of naval escorts, the DELEX program affected 16 ships in total and came in several different formats depending on the class of ship it was being applied to.[16] On average, the DELEX refit cost $24 million per ship.[17] For the Restigouches this meant updating their sensor, weapon and communications systems. The class received the new ADLIPS tactical data system, new radar and fire control systems and satellite navigation.[18] The ships had the Mk 127E navigational radar, SPS-502 radar and AN/SPG-515 fire control radar and Mk 69 gunnery control system installed. The upper part of the lattice mast was removed and replaced by a pole mast with a TACAN antenna fitted to it. The AN/SQS-505 C3 sonar dome was fared into the hull and the 103 mm (4 in) Bofors illumination rocket system was removed, replaced by a Super RBOC chaff system.[19]

The class were also fitted with two triple 533-millimetre (21 in) Mk 32 torpedo tube mountings to use the new Mk 46 torpedo.[18][19] They were situated between the ASROC launcher and the Limbo mortar well.[19] The ships began undergoing their DELEX refits in the early 1980s.[20] However, by the time the ships emerged from their refits, they were already obsolete as the Falklands War had changed the way surface battles were fought.[18]

Gulf War refit

[edit]
Restigouche in 1992.

With the advent of the Gulf War in August 1990, Maritime Command was asked to have a fleet of ships available to send to the Persian Gulf, preferably three ships. The Iroquois-class destroyer Athabaskan and the replenishment ship Protecteur would be made part of the task force, however all the other Iroquois-class vessels were in refit. Maritime Command chose from among the remaining fleet the vessel with the best electronic countermeasures suite, Terra Nova, to deploy with the task force.[21] Terra Nova was quickly altered to make her ready for an active war zone. The ship's ASROC system was landed and instead two quad Harpoon surface-to-surface missile system was installed. A Mk 15 Phalanx close-in weapon system was placed on the quarterdeck in place of the landed Limbo ASW mortar and two 40 mm/60 calibre Boffin guns were installed in single mounts where the ship's boats were. The ship was also fitted with new chaff, electronic and communications systems.[2][21][22] Restigouche received a similar refit before deploying as Terra Nova's intended replacement in the Persian Gulf in 1991.[2][23][24]

Service history

[edit]

Seven ships were ordered as part of the 1951-2 budget, as repeat St. Laurents.[25] Constructed at several shipyards across the country, the first to enter service was the lead ship of the class, Restigouche on 7 June 1958, followed by St. Croix later in 1958 and Gatineau, Kootenay, Columbia, Terra Nova and Chaudière in 1959.[20] While still in builder's hand, Restigouche suffered a collision with the freighter Manchester Port in November 1957.[24] Following her commissioning she was present at the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959, alongside Terra Nova.[22][24]

In 1960, Terra Nova and St. Croix escorted the royal yacht HMY Britannia, carrying Queen Elizabeth II on a royal visit.[24] In 1968, Gatineau became the first Canadian warship to become a member of STANAVFORLANT, the standing NATO naval force in the Atlantic.[26] On 23 October 1969, while in European waters, Kootenay suffered a gearbox explosion that killed 7 and injured 53 of the crew. This was Canada's worst peacetime naval accident.[27]

Kootenay at Pearl Harbor in 1986

Terra Nova was the first to undergo IRE conversion, beginning in May 1965. In September 1969, Gatineau began her IRE conversion. While Kootenay was being repaired following the explosion, she began her IRE conversion. Restigouche began her IRE conversion in 1970.[20] Of the three ships that did not undergo the conversion, Chaudière was reduced a training ship in 1970.[4] St. Croix and Columbia were paid off on 15 February and 18 February 1974 respectively and placed in reserve. St. Croix had her propellers and guns removed and was turned into a fleet school from 1984 until 1990.[24] Columbia was fixed so that her engines could run at dockside while being unable to move.[26] Chaudière was paid off on 23 May 1974 and used for spare parts for the remaining ships.[4] All three were discarded in the early 1990s, with Chaudière and Columbia become artificial reefs while St. Croix was broken up.[20]

Gatineau was the first to undergo her DELEX refit, beginning in September 1981. In November 1981, after cracks were discovered in the superheater heads of Ottawa, all of Canada's steam-driven destroyers were inspected. Of the vessels in the class, Kootenay and Terra Nova were found to have the same problem. They were repaired within six months.[28] Terra Nova underwent her DELEX refit beginning in November 1983, followed by Restigouche beginning in December 1984, Kootenay in 1984.[20] In June 1989, Kootenay collided with the merchant vessel Nord Pol which severely damaged her bow. Her bow was removed and replaced with the bow of Chaudière.[27]

In 1990, Kootenay was among the Canadian task group that visited the Soviet Union for the first time since World War II. That same year Terra Nova was modified for service in the Gulf War.[27] Her intended replacement in the Persian Gulf, Restigouche, also received the modifications, however was instead redirected to STANAVFORLANT. However, in 1992, the ship was deployed to the Red Sea as part of a multinational force.[24] In 1993, Gatineau was among the Canadian vessels assigned to enforce United Nations sanctions on Haiti.[26] In 1994, Kootenay was sent to enforce the sanctions on Haiti.[27] In 1995, Gatineau took part in the NATO naval exercise Strong Resolve and in April that year, supported the Canadian Coast Guard in the Turbot War.[26]

Restigouche was paid off on 31 August 1994. She was sunk off Acapulco, Mexico in June 2001.[24] Kootenay was paid off on 18 December 1996 and was also sold for use as an artificial reef off Mexico.[27] Gatineau and Terra Nova were paid off on 1 July 1998 and were sold for scrapping in October 2009.[20][29]

Ships in class

[edit]
Construction data for the Restigouche-class destroyers
Ship Pennant number Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Refits completed Paid off Fate
IRE DELEX Persian Gulf
Restigouche DDE 257 Canadian Vickers Ltd., Montreal, Quebec 15 July 1953 22 November 1954 7 June 1958 1972 29 November 1985 late 1990 or early 1991 31 August 1994 Sunk off Mexico in 2001.
Chaudière DDE 235 Halifax Shipyards Ltd., Halifax, Nova Scotia 30 July 1953 13 November 1957 14 November 1959 Never Never Never 23 May 1974 Donated part of her bow to Kootenay in 1989. Sunk as an artificial reef off British Columbia in 1992.
Gatineau DDE 236 Davie Shipbuilding Ltd., Lauzon, Quebec 30 April 1953 3 June 1957 17 February 1959 14 April 1971 12 November 1982 Never 1 July 1998 Scrapped at Pictou, Nova Scotia
St. Croix DDE 256 Marine Industries Ltd., Sorel, Quebec 15 October 1954 17 November 1956 4 October 1958 21 October 1964 Never Never 15 November 1974 Sold for scrap in 1991.
Kootenay DDE 258 Burrard Dry Dock Ltd., North Vancouver, British Columbia 21 August 1952 15 June 1954 7 March 1959 7 January 1972 21 October 1983 Never 18 December 1996 Sunk as an artificial reef off Mexico in 2001.
Terra Nova DDE 259 Victoria Machinery Depot Ltd., Victoria 14 November 1952 21 June 1955 6 June 1959 1968 9 November 1984 August–September 1990 1 July 1998 Scrapped at Pictou, Nova Scotia.
Columbia DDE 260 Burrard Dry Dock Ltd., North Vancouver, British Columbia 11 June 1953 1 November 1956 7 November 1959 Never Never Never 18 February 1974 Sunk as an artificial reef off British Columbia in 1996.

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Calibre denotes the length of the barrel. In this case, 50 calibre means that the gun barrel is 50 times as long as it is in diameter

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Hadley et al., p. 135
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Gardiner and Chumbley, p. 45
  3. ^ a b Milner, p. 248
  4. ^ a b c d e f Macpherson and Barrie (2002), p. 251
  5. ^ Gardiner and Chumbly, p. 46
  6. ^ a b Boutiller, p. 323
  7. ^ "Britain 3"/70 (7.62 cm) Mark 6". navweaps.com. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  8. ^ a b c Barrie and Macpherson (1996), p. 37
  9. ^ "United States of America 3"/50 (7.62 cm) Marks 27, 33 and 34". navweaps.com. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  10. ^ "Britain ASW Weapons". navweaps.com. 30 May 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  11. ^ Milner, p. 225
  12. ^ Milner, p. 259
  13. ^ Milner, p. 265
  14. ^ "United States of America ASROC RUR-5A and VLA". navweaps.com. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  15. ^ "United States of America Torpedoes since World War II". navweaps.com. 28 December 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  16. ^ Milner, p. 277
  17. ^ German, p. 317
  18. ^ a b c Milner, p. 278
  19. ^ a b c Barrie and Macpherson (1996), p. 16
  20. ^ a b c d e f Macpherson and Barrie (2002), pp. 251–255
  21. ^ a b Milner, p. 296
  22. ^ a b Macpherson and Barrie (2002), p. 255
  23. ^ Milner, p. 300
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Macpherson and Barrie (2002), p. 254
  25. ^ Milner, p. 205
  26. ^ a b c d Macpherson and Barrie (2002), p. 252
  27. ^ a b c d e Macpherson and Barrie (2002), p. 253
  28. ^ Barrie and Macpherson (1996), p. 13
  29. ^ "Piece by piece: shipyard slowly dismantling two destroyers". The News. 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

Sources

[edit]
  • Barrie, Ron; Macpherson, Ken (1996). Cadillac of Destroyers: HMCS St. Laurent and Her Successors. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-55125-036-5.
  • Blackman, Raymond V.B., ed. (1963). Jane's Fighting Ships 1963–64. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-07032-161-2.
  • Boutiller, James A., ed. (1982). RCN in Retrospect, 1910–1968. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-0196-4.
  • Couhat, Jean Labayle (1978). Combat Fleets of the World 1978–79. Arms and Armour Press.
  • Friedman, Norman (1986). The Postwar Naval Revolution. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-952-9.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
  • German, Tony (1990). The Sea is at our Gates: The History of the Canadian Navy. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Incorporated. ISBN 0-7710-3269-2.
  • Hadley, Michael L.; Huebert, Rob; Crickard, Fred W., eds. (1992). A Nation's Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1506-2.
  • Macpherson, Ken; Barrie, Ron (2002). The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–2002 (Third ed.). St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-072-1.
  • Milner, Marc (2010). Canada's Navy: The First Century (Second ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9604-3.
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