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Retching

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Retching (also known as dry heaving) is the reverse movement (retroperistalsis) of the stomach and esophagus without vomiting.[1] It can be caused by bad smell or choking, or by withdrawal from some medications after vomiting stops. Retching can also occur as a result of an emotional response or from stress, which produces the same physical reaction. The function is thought to be mixing gastric contents with intestinal refluxate in order to buffer the former and give it momentum in preparation of vomiting.[2] Treatments include medication and correction of the fluid and electrolyte balance.

Physiology

The retching phase is characterized by a series of violent spasmodic abdomino-thoracic contractions with the glottis closed. During this time, the inspiratory (inhalatory) movements of the chest wall and diaphragm are opposed by the expiratory contractions of the abdominal musculature. At the same time, movements of the stomach and its contents take place. Whereas a patient will complain of disagreeable sensations during nausea, speech is not possible during retching. The characteristic movements furnish a ready diagnostic sign of the retching phase. Schindler (1937)[3] studied retching on two occasions during gastroscopy and noted that longitudinal folds appeared in the previously smooth antrum, thickened quickly, came together and completely closed the antrum.[4] Retching involves a deep inspiration against a closed glottis. This, along with contraction of the abdomen, leads to a pressure difference between the abdominal and thoracic cavities. As a result, the stomach and gastric contents are displaced upwards toward the thoracic cavity.[5]

Retching comprises a rhythmically alternating (about once per second) elevation and descension of the entire pharyngolaryngoesophagogastric apparatus in synchrony with the movement of the diaphragm. The function of retching may be to mix gastric contents with intestinal refluxate to buffer gastric contents before gastroesophageal reflux and to impart a momentum to the gastric contents before vomiting. Airway protection during retching is accomplished by glottal closure during retches and constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter between retches.[2]

Versus vomiting

Vomiting (the expulsion of gastric contents) is usually preceded by retching, but retching and vomiting can occur separately[6] and involve different sets of muscles.[7] During a retch, thoracic pressure is decreased and abdominal pressure is increased, which may serve to position gastric contents and overcome esophageal resistance.[6] Conversely, a vomit occurs with increased thoracic and abdominal pressure. Retches and vomits are commonly lumped together in behavioral analyses and consequently the neural controls for these processes are not well delineated.[8]

Treatments

The treatments for significant retching include correction of fluid and electrolyte balance, nutritional support and medications like phenothiazines (such as Compazine and Phenergan), 5-HT3 antagonist (such as Zofran), dopamine receptor antagonists (such as Reglan), antihistamines (Antivert, and Dramamine, Benadryl) and anticholinergics (Scopolamine). Alternative approaches are also available. The best-studied alternative therapy is perhaps the use of acupressure for pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting. Wristbands with acupressure buttons are commercially available. An implanted device with attached electrodes into the gastric wall can be an option for patients with refractory nausea and vomiting.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Vomiting and Nausea". eMedicine. February 12, 2012.
  2. ^ a b Lang, IM; Dana, N; Medda, BK; Shaker, R (September 2002). "Mechanisms of airway protection during retching, vomiting, and swallowing". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 283 (3): G529-36. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00062.2002. PMID 12181164.
  3. ^ Schindler, R (1937). Gastroscopy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145.
  4. ^ Keet, AD (1998). "Nausea, Retching, and Vomiting". The Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder in Health and Disease. PLiG. p. 122.
  5. ^ Berne, Robert M.; Matthew N. Levy (2004). Physiology. Elsevier Mosby. p. 557. ISBN 0-323-03390-3.
  6. ^ a b Andrews, PL; Davis, CJ; Bingham, S; Davidson, HI; Hawthorn, J; Maskell, L (February 1990). "The abdominal visceral innervation and the emetic reflex: pathways, pharmacology, and plasticity". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 68 (2): 325–45. doi:10.1139/y90-047. PMID 2178756.
  7. ^ Grelot, L; Miller, AD (1994). "Vomiting - Its Ins and Outs". News in Physiological Sciences. 9 (3): 142–147.
  8. ^ Horn, Charles (11 October 2007). "Why is the neurobiology of nausea and vomiting so important?". Appetite. 50 (2–3): 430–434. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.015. PMC 2274963. PMID 17996982. nihmsid: NIHMS42868.
  9. ^ Porter, Ryan F.; Gyawali, C. Prakash. "Nausea and Vomiting". Patient Education & Resource Center. American College of Gastroenterology.
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