Robert Coryndon
Sir Robert Thorne Coryndon | |
|---|---|
 Robert Coryndon, Nairobi, 1923, with Palmer Kerrison (left) and E.A.T. Dutton (right) | |
| Resident Commissioner in Swaziland | |
| In office 1907–1916 | |
| Resident Commissioner in Basutoland | |
| In office 1916–1917 | |
| Governor of Uganda | |
| In office 1918–1922 | |
| Preceded by | Frederick John Jackson |
| Succeeded by | Geoffrey Francis Archer |
| Governor of Kenya | |
| In office 1 September 1922 – 10 February 1925 | |
| Preceded by | Edward Northey |
| Succeeded by | Edward Grigg |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 2 April 1870 South Africa |
| Died | 10 February 1925 Nairobi |
Sir Robert Thorne Coryndon KCMG (2 April 1870 – 10 February 1925) was a British colonial administrator, a former secretary of Cecil Rhodes who became Governor of the colonies of Uganda (1918–1922) and Kenya (1922–1925). He was one of the most powerful of colonial administrators of his day.[1]
Early years
Robert Thorne Coryndon was born in Cape Colony, South Africa on 2 April 1870. He was educated at St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown,[2] and at Cheltenham College in England. In 1889 he returned to South Africa to serve his articles as a lawyer with his uncles's firm, Caldecott and Bell of Kimberley. Unhappy with office work, after a few months he joined the Bechuanaland Border Police run by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) which Cecil Rhodes had formed in 1889. In 1890 he was a member of the Pioneer Force occupying Mashonaland. In 1893 and 1896 he served in campaigns in Matabeleland.[3]
In 1896 Coryndon was appointed private secretary to Cecil Rhodes, and served in that role during the 1896 Parliamentary Inquiry into the Jameson Raid. In summer of 1897 he was sent by Rhodes to be the BSAC representative in Barotseland.[3] In October 1897 he reached King Lewanika's capital, Lealui, where he was given a cool reception. Lewanika could not accept that Coryndon could represent both a company and the government. In November 1899 Queen Victoria signed an order in council that established company rule in "Barotziland – North West Rhodesia", and in September 1900 Coryndon was appointed commissioner.[4] He held this post until 1907. He then became Resident Commissioner in Swaziland, and was chairman of the Southern Rhodesian Native Reserves Commission of 1914–1915. In 1916 he was appointed Resident Commissioner in Basutoland.[3]
Colonial governor
In 1917 Coryndon was given the position of Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Uganda, taking office in 1918.[3] As Governor, he was involved in a crisis over the East African rupee, which had been pegged to the Indian rupee. The settlers were in favour of devaluing the currency and then pegging it to the British pound, while investors strongly objected to the loss that they would incur as a result.[5] One effect of the change would be to devalue the coinage, almost entirely held by African cotton growers. Some officials calculated that the loss incurred by the average family would be small, but others including Coryndon were concerned about the destruction of trust in the government that would result. Coryndon wrote "I do not think you can properly estimate the effect of a measure of this sort by a calculation of average loss per head".[6]
Winston Churchill was secretary of state for the colonies in the early 1920s.[7] In 1922 he appointed Coryndon Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Kenya and High Commissioner of Zanzibar.[3] The previous governor Edward Northey had written in 1919: "I believe there is a great future for this country, but only if a steady flow of natives out of the Reserves, working willingly for a good wage, well-housed and fed, under European control and supervision, can be properly organized".[8] However, Northey's policies had brought the colony near to bankruptcy.[9] Between 1913 and 1920 native production had actually fallen.[10]
Coryndon was expected to introduce a new policy that supported expansion of African production.[9] In a letter to Churchill soon after arriving in Kenya, Coryndon said "I believe I shall be able to handle the settlers: largely by laughing at them a little and by getting them to use a sense of proportion in their outlook. I shall push native development and native crops. I am confident as to the future on the whole".[11] Coryndon defined a "dual policy" to correct the problems that stemmed from excessive bias toward settler demands, while avoiding the idea that native interests were paramount.[10] In September 1923 Coryndon said the interest of Europeans and natives were complementary, and that if given the proper incentives and guidance the native population would become Kenya's greatest asset. The administration should pay attention to the native's moral welfare, sense of responsibility to the state, health and material well-being. The natives should be given education suitable to their needs.[12] The dual policy later became the official basis for administering the colony.[13]
Churchill gave Coryndon the mandate of solving the "Indian question" in Kenya. Churchill was in favour of white settlement, although not of self-government. However, he saw a need for Indian settlers to act as merchants. There was a growing influx of Indians into Nairobi's city center in the 1920s, working as shopkeepers, railway workers, government clerks and small-scale manufacturers. In response, the whites moved out to the Upper Nairobi western suburbs.[7] The Indians were pressing for similar political rights to those of the white settlers. The Imperial government response was to seek a way to set educational and property or income qualifications that would result in about 10% of Indians getting the vote, and defining qualifications for candidates that would ensure a solid majority of Europeans while allowing some Indian elected officials.[14] Coryndon presented these proposals at a meeting of representatives of the European community in Nairobi, who unanimously rejected them. Before agreeing to put the matter to the vote in the legislature, they insisted that measures had to be enacted to restrict further Indian immigration.[15]
Coryndon was awarded the CMG in 1911 and KCMG in 1919. He died in Nairobi on 10 February 1925.[3] On 17 February 1925 the Kenyan Legislative Council granted an annual allowance of 500 pounds to Lady Coryndon for life or until she remarried, two hundred pounds to each of his three sons until they reached the age of 21, and one hundred pounds to his daughter until she married or reached the age of 21.[16]
Postscript
Coryndon was one of Cecil Rhodes's "twelve apostles", and owed much to Rhodes' teachings. His private secretary later described him as a "simple man with simple ideas". He believed in a policy of indirect rule, to "build up a more modern society on the traditions of the people". Although he professed to like and understand Africans, in practice he did little to improve their lives and held "shamelessly racial" views. He held back development of native agriculture at the request of European coffee planters, and held back development of the milling and weaving industries due to his distrust of Indians.[17]
In 1929 the Kenyan colonial government allocated land in Nairobi for a museum. The Coryndon Museum was officially opened on 22 September 1930. It became the Nairobi National Museum after independence in 1963.[18] The 207 feet (63 m), 800 ton steamer SS Robert Coryndon, built by J Thorneycroft & Co of Southampton, was in service on Lake Albert between 1930 and 1964.[19] The ship provided operated a Class A ferry service from Butiaba to the Congo, through Packwach in Nebbi district. Ernest Hemingway, who had stop in Butiaba after his plane crashed when he was on a hunting safari, described the ship as "magnificence on water". The ship sank in 1964. All that remains is an abandoned hulk.[20]
References
- ^ Myers 2003, pp. 19.
- ^ Laurie 1914, p. 82.
- ^ a b c d e f Bodleian Papers.
- ^ Macmillan 2005, pp. 6.
- ^ Maxon 1993, pp. 184ff.
- ^ Maxon 1993, pp. 208.
- ^ a b Myers 2003, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Dilley 1966, pp. 182.
- ^ a b Maxon 1993, pp. 245.
- ^ a b Dilley 1966, pp. 181.
- ^ Maxon 1993, pp. 248.
- ^ Dilley 1966, pp. 186.
- ^ Dilley 1966, pp. 200.
- ^ Maxon 1993, pp. 249.
- ^ Dilley 1966, pp. 163.
- ^ An Ordinance ...
- ^ Myers 2003, pp. 43.
- ^ Nairobi National Museum.
- ^ Couperus 2009.
- ^ Behold, a Dream...
Sources
- "An Ordinance to Make Provision for the Payment of Annual Allowances to the Widow and Children of the late Sir Robert Thorne Coryndon". The Kenya Gazette. 27 (1035). 7 October 1925. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- "Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled". Ugandan Insomniac. 25 March 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- Bodleian Papers. "Papers of Sir Robert Thorne Coryndon (2)". Bodleian Library of Commonwealth & African Studies at Rhodes House. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Couperus, Jitze (6 April 2009). "A Story of Empire". Retrieved 1 September 2011.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Dilley, Marjorie Ruth (1966). British policy in Kenya Colony. Routledge. ISBN 0714616559.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Macmillan, Hugh (2005). An African trading empire: the story of Susman Brothers & Wulfsohn, 1901–2005. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-853-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Maxon, Robert M. (1993). Struggle for Kenya: the loss and reassertion of imperial initiative, 1912–1923. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 0-8386-3486-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Myers, Garth Andrew (2003). Verandahs of power: colonialism and space in urban Africa. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2972-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "Nairobi National Museum". National Museums of Kenya. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- Laurie, K. W. J. (1914). Register of S. Andrew's College, Grahamstown, from 1855 to 1914. Grahamstown: Slater & Co.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)