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Sir Robert McCarrison, MA, MD, DSc, LLD, FRCP (15 March 1878 – 18 May 1960[1]) was a Northern Ireland physician and nutritionist, who was made a Companion of the Indian Empire (C.I.E.) in 1923,[2] received a knighthood in July 1933,[3] and was appointed as Honourable Physician to the King in 1935.[4]

McCarrison was born in Portadown, in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. He qualified in Medicine at Queen's College, Belfast in 1900. He joined the Indian Medical Service and was posted as Medical Officer to Indian troops guarding the mountainous Northern Frontiers. He was promoted to Captain in January 1904,[5] to Major in July 1912,[6] Lieutenant-Colonel in January 1918,[7] Colonel from 1929,[8] and to Major-General in July 1933.[9] He retired from the Indian Medical Service on 19 August 1935.[10] McCarrison's research in India on the cause of goiter won widespread recognition and in 1913 he was promoted to do research. In 1928 he became Director of Nutritional Research in India, where he remained until his retirement from the Indian Medical Service in 1935, when he returned to England, settling at Oxford.[1]

Pioneer in nutrition research

McCarrison carried out the very first experiments to demonstrate the effect of nutrition on the epidemiology of disease.[citation needed]

McCarrison is credited with being the first to experimentally demonstrate the effect of deficient dietaries upon animal tissues and organs.[11] He also carried out human experiments aimed at identifying the cause of goitre, and included himself as one of the experimental subjects.[12] Much of McCarrison's work was pioneering. His 1921 book Studies in Deficiency Disease was considered notable at the time, being published at a time when knowledge of vitamins and their role in nutrition was crystallizing.[13] McCarrison himself noted that prior to publication of his studies on the pathogenesis of deficiency disease "no systemic post-mortem examination of animals fed on food deficient in vitamin B had ever been made; the histopathological effects of such food on the various systems of the body were wholly unknown; above all, its effects on the gastro-intestinal tract and the organs of digestion and assimilation, and the significance of these effects for clinical medicine, were wholly unsuspected".[14]

At age 23, McCarrison went to India, where he spent 30 years on nutritional problems.[15] He attained the rank of major-general in the Indian Medical Service,[9] and founded the Nutritional Research Laboratories in Coonoor.[15] After retiring from the Indian Medical Service in 1935,[10] he gave a series of Cantor lectures at the Royal Society of Arts, about the influence of diet on health.[15] This comprised three lectures delivered on successive Mondays at the Society. The first lecture focused on the processes of nutrition; the second, on food essentials and their relationship to bodily structure and function; the third on disease prevention and physique improvement by attention to diet.[16] The lectures were subsequently published in book form under the title Nutrition and Health, and at the time of the third edition in 1962, were still not seen as "dated", with the advances of the preceding 25 years largely filling the details of the principles previously recognised by McCarrison.[17]

"McCarrison's work on goitre, cretinism, and the thyroid, begun in the western Himalayas in 1902, generated scores of scientific publications during the following thirty-five years",[18] While McCarrison's work is often considered the start of serious studies of goitre and cretinism in South Asia, it was preceded by that of Commissioner David Scott at Rangur in north-east India around 1825, and was investigated by Mountford Bramley at Kathmandu in 1832.[18]

In 1918, McCarrison founded the Beri-Beri Enquiry Unit in a single room laboratory at the Pasteur Institute in Conoor, India.[19] He was invalided to Britain from 1920–1922, and in 1923 the enquiry was axed on financial grounds. It was restored two years later as the Deficiency Disease Inquiry, which McCarrison headed from 1925-1929.[20] Around 1928-29, this developed further into the Nutrition Research Laboratories (NRL. Renamed the National Institute of Nutrition in 1969),[19] with McCarrison as its first Director, until his retirement in 1935.[15][19][20] In 1926, as head of the Deficiency Diseases Inquiry, McCarrison submitted written and oral evidence on malnutrition to the Royal Commission on Agriculture in India.[21] The primary objective of McCarrison's submission was to indicate the significance of malnutrition as a "as a cause of physical inefficiency and ill-health among the massess in India"; the relationship between nutrition and agriculture; and "the necessity for closer co-ordination of nutritional, medical, veterinary and agricultural research" in India.[22] McCarrison's submission had impact. "A decade later, when the Commission's chairman, Lord Linlithgow, became Viceroy of India he showed a personal interest in nutrition, pushing it to the top of the research agenda. In 1936 a Nutrition Advisory Committee was established and roughly a tenth of IRFA's annual grants went to fund nutrition research at Coonoor and Calcutta".[20]

Retirement from India

After the Second World War, from 1945 to 1955, McCarrison served as director of postgraduate medical education at Oxford University.[1]

Personal life

In 1906 he married Helen Stella Johnston, to whom he was still married at the time of his death.[1]

Legacy

McCarrison Society

In 1966, a group of doctors, dentists and veterinarians, interested in the promotion of nutrition and health, founded the McCarrison Society in honour of his efforts,[25][26] with a Scottish group established in 1981 due to both travel logistics and differing needs in the Scottish population.[26]

The Society aims "to assemble scientific knowledge on nutrition and health that is free from economic and political pressures with the object of securing the physical and mental health of future generations".[26] The Society meetings sometimes raise questions with elusive answers, with speakers presenting material based on scanty, often anectdotal data, inviting criticism that it is "a gathering of cranks". However, "one answer to that criticism is that speakers at MCarrison meetings tend to be rather well qualified. But the main point is that the society has a way of asking questions about the environment - what are we doing to it and what it is doing to us - that are of profound importance".[27]

The Society's website summarises McCarrison's work thus:

His researches were extensive; they included work on the newly discovered vitamins and on the contrasting disease patterns in the Indian subcontinent. He demonstrated how many common diseases increasingly prevalent in industrial societies were caused simply by diets made defective by extensive food processing, often with the use of chemical additives. He deplored the universal consumption in Britain and America of refined white flour, instead of halite flour, and the substitution of canned, preserved and artificially sweetened products for fresh natural food.

McCarrison's work was widely published in the medical press. He was honoured for his discoveries, but completely ignored by government and the medical profession at a time when medical thought was absorbed in the study of disease rather than on prevention and the promotion of health.[28]

Publications

The following is a selection of works published by McCarrison.[a] To avoid duplication, this does not include works cited, which are to be found in the References section.

  • McCarrison, Robert (1906), "Observations on Endemic Goitre in the Chitral and Gilgit Valleys", Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, 89: 437–470, PMC 2038233, PMID 20897060. Retrieved 11 August 2010
  • . (1909), "Observations on Endemic Cretinism in the Chitral and Gilgit Valleys", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2 (Medical Section): 1–36, PMC 2046595, PMID 19973738 {{citation}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  • . (13 March 1909), "A Summary of Further Researches on the Etiology of Endemic Goitre", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 81 (545): 31, doi:10.1098/rspb.1909.0003, JSTOR 80344 {{citation}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  • . (April 1909), "Further Researches on the Etiology of Endemic Goitre", QJM: an International Journal of Medicine, 2 (3): 279–288, retrieved 10 August 2010 {{citation}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  • . (1 July 1909), "Observations on the Amoebae in the Intestines of Persons Suffering from Goitre in Gilgit", Journal of Cell Science, s2-53 (212): 723–736 {{citation}}: |author= has numeric name (help) download page
  • . (28 February 1911), "A Summary of Further Experimental Researches on the Etiology of Endemic Goitre. (Second series.)", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 83 (564): 335–337, doi:10.1098/rspb.1911.0016 {{citation}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  • . (23 January 1912), "The Vaccine Treatment of Simple Goitre", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 5 (Medical Section): 37–52, PMC 2004943, PMID 19976042 {{citation}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  • . (1914), "Nervous Cretinism", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 7 (Section for the Study of Disease in Children): 157–164, PMC 2003241, PMID 19978295 {{citation}}: |author= has numeric name (help). Retrieved 12 August 2010
  • . (1 August 1916), "On the Experimental Production of Congenital Goitre", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 89 (616): 322–327, doi:10.1098/rspb.1916.0018, JSTOR 80845 {{citation}}: |author= has numeric name (help)

Bibliography

The following works discuss aspects of the life and work of Robert McCarrison.

Notes

a. ^ The bulk of McCarrison's work appears to have been published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ), although he did publish in other journals, such as JAMA and The Lancet, amongst others. Some publications are also found in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. Free access to publications BMJ and the Proceedings is to be found in the external links section. Some of McCarrison's publications listed are from those journals, but links were not located at time of listing. They should however, be available at these websites, along with other publications by or about McCarrison from those two journals which have not been located or listed.

b. ^ This letter is by the "nominal overseer" of McCarrison's last salaried post. It contains particularly insightful commentary on the contribution of McCarrison at a time of significant change in the existing university and medical institutions of the UK.

c. ^ The author of this obituary letter on McCarrison is identified only as "N.C.P.", which are also the initials of N.C. Penrose, author of a 1951 letter defending the legacy of McCarrison's earlier works.

d. ^ A book review of the 1953 edition is cited in this article, hence the listing. However, there have been other publications of this book both before and since. A publication from 1944 (Nutrion and National Health) is to be found via web searches comprising the same lecture and essay collection. And publications in 1961 and 1982, under Nutrition and Health, are also to be found. A new edition was produced in 2010, and may found at Lulu, a Print on Demand / Self-Publishing service.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Obituary: Sir ROBERT McCARRISON, C.I.E., M.D., D.Sc. L.L.D., F.R.C.P", British Medical Journal, 1 (5186): 1663–1664, 28 May 1960, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5186.1663, PMC 1967996, PMID 13856887
  2. ^ "Companion of the Indian Empire (C.I.E.) conferred", Supplement to the London Gazette (No.32830): 3947, 2 June 1923, retrieved 10 August 2010 {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help) (See p.3946 for list heading)
  3. ^ "Knighthood conferred July 1933", The London Gazette (No.33960): 4716, 14 July 1933, retrieved 10 August 2010 {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  4. ^ "McCarrison appointment as Honourable Physician to the King", The London Gazette (No.34226): 7671, 3 December 1935, retrieved 10 August 2010 {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  5. ^ "Robert McCarrison: Lieutenant to Captain on 29 January 1904", The London Gazette (No. 27679): 3356, 24 May 1904, retrieved 10 August 2010 {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  6. ^ "Indian Medical Service: Robert McCarrison, MD: Captain to Major on 29 July 1912", The London Gazette (No. 28639): 6377, 27 August 1912, retrieved 10 August 2010 {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ "Maj. R. McCarrison listed for Lieutenant-Colonel", Supplement to the London Gazette (No. 30450): 11, 1 January 1918, retrieved 10 August 2010 {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help) (List heading: "To be Brevet Lieutenant-Colonerl" is on p.10)
  8. ^ "Indian R. McCarrison to be Colonel from 5th November 1929", The London Gazette (No. 33723): 3657, 5 June 1931, retrieved 10 August 2010 {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ a b Indian Medical Service: Col. Sir R. McCarrison, Kt., C.I.E., M.D., F.R.C.P., K.H.P., to be Maj.-Gen., 19th July 1933, 16 February 1934, p. 1079, retrieved 10 August 2010
  10. ^ a b Indian Medical Service: Maj.-Gen. Sir R. McCarrison retires, 19th Aug. 1935, 30 August 1935, p. 5536, retrieved 10 August 2010
  11. ^ "Surgery and Diet", British Medical Journal, 1 (3675): 1031–1032, 13 June 1931, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2841.1031-a, PMC 2314713
  12. ^ "The Etiology of Goitre", British Medical Journal, 1 (2511): 434, 13 February 1909, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2511.427, PMC 2318200
  13. ^ Halliburton, W.D (18 June 1921), "Deficiency Disease (book review)", British Medical Journal, 1 (3155): 896–897, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3155.896, PMC 2415481
  14. ^ McCarrison, R (10 April 1926), "Vitamin Deficiency", British Medical Journal, 1 (3406): 674, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3406.674, PMC 2523693
  15. ^ a b c d Moore, T (25 April 1953), "Nutrition and Health (book review)", British Medical Journal, 1 (4816): 922, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4816.922, PMC 2016372. Retrieved 12 August 2010
  16. ^ McCarrison, Sir Robert (29 February 1936), "Nutrition and National Health", British Medical Journal, Cantor Lectures by Sir Robert McCarrison, 1 (3921): 427–430, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3921.427, PMC 2457947, retrieved 10 August 2010
  17. ^ Widdowson, E.M (January 1963), "Nutrition and Health, being the Cantor Lectures delivered before The Royal Society of Arts, together with Two Earlier Essays (book review)", British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 20 (1): 69, doi:10.1136/oem.20.1.69, PMC 1038277
  18. ^ a b Miles, M (1998), "Goitre, cretinism and iodine in South Asia: historical perspectives on a continuing scourge", Medical History, 42 (1): 47–67, doi:10.1017/s002572730006333x, PMC 1043968, PMID 9536623
  19. ^ a b c d Down the memory lane, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, retrieved 12 August 2010
  20. ^ a b c Arnold, David (2000), Science, technology, and medicine in Colonial India, The New Cambridge History of India. Part III, Volume 5, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 201, 215, ISBN 0-521-56319-4, retrieved 12 August 2010
  21. ^ McCarrison, Lieut.-Colonel R (1928), "Memorandum on Malnutrition as a cause of physical inefficiency and ill-health among the masses in India (pp.96-98); Oral evidence (pp.99-116)", Royal Commission on Agriculture in India. Volume I, Part II, Evidence of Officers serving under the Government of India, Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publication Branch, pp. 95–116 (n118–n139 in electronic page fields), retrieved 12 August 2010 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help) (Full text at Internet Archive
  22. ^ McCarrison, Lieut.-Colonel R (1928), p.95
  23. ^ Mantle, Paul, "Two Reviews (see review of Origins of the Organic Movement)", Tributes, The Man of the Trees: Richard St. Barbe Baker, p. 7, retrieved 14 August 2010
  24. ^ Sayre, Laura (4 March 2004), Review: The Origins of the Organic Movement, Rodale Institute, retrieved 14 August 2010
  25. ^ Ferry, Georgina (6 October 1983), "Eat your way to mental health", New Scientist, 100 (1378): 46, retrieved 13 August 2010
  26. ^ a b c The McCarrison Society (Scottish Group) (PDF), retrieved 13 August 2010
  27. ^ Editorial (6 October 1983), "Big questions with elusive answers", New Scientist, 100 (1378): 2, retrieved 13 August 2010
  28. ^ Sir Robert McCarrison, McCarrison Society for Nutrition and Health, retrieved 13 August 2010
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