Robert Recorde

Robert Recorde
Robert Recorde
	Robert Recorde (c.1512–1558)
Born	Robert Recorde; c.1512; Tenby, Pembrokeshire, Wales
Died	1558; London, England
Nationality	Welsh
Alma mater	University of Oxford; University of Cambridge
Known for	Inventing the equals sign (=)
	Scientific career
Fields	Mathematician and physician
Institutions	University of Oxford; Royal Mint

Robert Recorde (c.1512–1558) was a Welsh physician and mathematician. He invented the equals sign (=) and also introduced the pre-existing plus sign (+) to English speakers in 1557.^[1]

Biography

Born around 1512, Robert Recorde was the second son of Thomas and Rose Recorde of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, in Wales.^[1] Recorde entered the University of Oxford about 1525, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College there in 1531. Having adopted medicine as a profession, he went to the University of Cambridge to take the degree of M.D. in 1545. He afterwards returned to Oxford, where he publicly taught mathematics, as he had done prior to going to Cambridge. It appears that he afterwards went to London, and acted as physician to King Edward VI and to Queen Mary, to whom some of his books are dedicated. He was also controller of the Royal Mint and served as "Comptroller of Mines and Monies" in Ireland.^[2] After being sued for defamation by a political enemy, he was arrested for debt and died in the King's Bench Prison, Southwark, by the middle of June 1558.

Publications

The first known equation, equivalent to 14x+15y=71y in modern syntax.

Recorde published several works upon mathematical and medical subjects, chiefly in the form of dialogue between master and scholar, such as the following:

The Grounde of Artes, teachings the Worke and Practise, of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers and fractions (1543),^[1] the first English book on algebra.
The Pathway to Knowledge, containing the First Principles of Geometry ... bothe for the use of Instrumentes Geometricall and Astronomicall, and also for Projection of Plattes (London, 1551)
The Castle of Knowledge, containing the Explication of the Sphere both Celestiall and Materiall, etc. (London, 1556) A book explaining Ptolemaic astronomy while mentioning the Copernican heliocentric model in passing.
The Whetstone of Witte, whiche is the seconde parte of Arithmeteke: containing the extraction of rootes; the cossike practise, with the rule of equation; and the workes of Surde Nombers (London, 1557). This was the book in which the equals sign was introduced. With the publication of this book Recorde is credited with introducing algebra into England with a systematic notation.^[3]^[4]
a medical work, The Urinal of Physick (1548), frequently reprinted.^[5]

Several books whose authors are unknown have been attributed to him: Cosmographiae isagoge, De Arte faciendi Horologium and De Usu Globorum et de Statu temporum.^[6]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Johnston, Stephen (2004). "Recorde, Robert (c. 1512–1558)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23241. Retrieved 26 January 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
^ Newman, James R. (1956). The World of Mathematics.
^ Jourdain, Philip E. B. (1913). The Nature of Mathematics.
^ Robert Recorde, The Whetstone of Witte (London, England: John Kyngstone, 1557), p. 236 (although the pages of this book are not numbered). From the chapter titled "The rule of equation, commonly called Algebers Rule" (p. 236): "Howbeit, for easie alteration of equations. I will propounde a fewe examples, bicause the extraction of their rootes, maie the more aptly bee wroughte. And to avoide the tediouse repetition of these woordes: is equalle to: I will sette as I doe often in worke use, a paire of paralleles, or Gemowe [twin, from gemew, from the French gemeau (twin / twins), from the Latin gemellus (little twin)] lines of one lengthe, thus: = , bicause noe .2. thynges, can be moare equalle." (However, for easy manipulation of equations, I will present a few examples in order that the extraction of roots may be more readily done. And to avoid the tedious repetition of these words "is equal to", I will substitute, as I often do when working, a pair of parallels or twin lines of the same length, thus: = , because no two things can be more equal.)
^ The Urinal of Physick, by Robert Recorde, 1548; at Google Books
^ John Hall, "An Historiall Expostulation", p. 60. In Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages, v. XI. London: T. Richards, 1844

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Recorde, Robert". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 966.
Newman, James R. (1956). The World of Mathematics Vol. 1 Commentary on Robert Recorde
Jourdain, Philip E. B. (1913). The Nature of Mathematics
Roberts, Gareth, and Fenny Smith, eds. Robert Recorde: The Life and Times of a Tudor Mathematician (University of Wales Press, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2012) 232 pages
Williams, Jack, Robert Recorde: Tudor Polymath, Expositor and Practitioner of Computation (Heidelberg, Springer, 2011) (History of Computing).
J.W.S. Cassels, Is This a Recorde?, The Mathematical Gazette Vol. 60 No. 411 Mar 1976 p 59-61
Roberts, Gordon, Robert Recorde: Tudor Scholar and Mathematician (University of Wales Press, 2016).
Frank J. Swetz and Victor J. Katz, "Mathematical Treasures - Robert Recorde's Whetstone of Witte," Convergence (January 2011)

External links

St. Andrew's University Maths History biography
Robert Recorde and other Welsh Mathematicians
100 Welsh Heroes – Robert Recorde
Earliest Uses of Symbols of Relation
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics This contains numerous quotations from Recorde.
RECORDE (Robert) in Charles Hutton's Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary^{[dead link]}
Robert Recorde's life and works on h2g2
Current publisher of Robert Recorde's books in the form of original reproductions
Works by Robert Record at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Robert Recorde at Internet Archive

[ODNB-1] Johnston, Stephen (2004). "Recorde, Robert (c. 1512–1558)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23241. Retrieved 26 January 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required)

[2] Newman, James R. (1956). The World of Mathematics.

[3] Jourdain, Philip E. B. (1913). The Nature of Mathematics.

[4] Robert Recorde, The Whetstone of Witte (London, England: John Kyngstone, 1557), p. 236 (although the pages of this book are not numbered). From the chapter titled "The rule of equation, commonly called Algebers Rule" (p. 236): "Howbeit, for easie alteration of equations. I will propounde a fewe examples, bicause the extraction of their rootes, maie the more aptly bee wroughte. And to avoide the tediouse repetition of these woordes: is equalle to: I will sette as I doe often in worke use, a paire of paralleles, or Gemowe [twin, from gemew, from the French gemeau (twin / twins), from the Latin gemellus (little twin)] lines of one lengthe, thus: = , bicause noe .2. thynges, can be moare equalle." (However, for easy manipulation of equations, I will present a few examples in order that the extraction of roots may be more readily done. And to avoid the tedious repetition of these words "is equal to", I will substitute, as I often do when working, a pair of parallels or twin lines of the same length, thus: = , because no two things can be more equal.)

[5] The Urinal of Physick, by Robert Recorde, 1548; at Google Books

[6] John Hall, "An Historiall Expostulation", p. 60. In Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages, v. XI. London: T. Richards, 1844

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Biography

Publications

See also

Notes

References

External links