Death of Robert Stevens
Robert K. Stevens | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | June 20, 1938 |
| Died | October 5, 2001 (aged 63) |
| Cause of death | Pulmonary Anthrax |
| Nationality | American |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Occupation(s) | Photojournalist and photo editor |
| Employer | Sun |
| Organization | American Media |
| Known for | First killed in the 2001 anthrax attacks |
| Spouse | Maureen Stevens |
| Children | 3 |
Robert K. "Bob" Stevens (June 20, 1938 – October 5, 2001), an American photojournalist for the Sun, a subsidiary of American Media, located in Boca Raton, Florida, United States was the first journalist killed in the 2001 anthrax attacks when letters containing anthrax were mailed to multiple media outlets in the United States. The anthrax attacks also killed four others in the United States and sickened seventeen others.[1]
Personal
Robert Stevens was born in Britain,[2] but he resided in Lantana, Florida with his wife Maureen Stevens, also from Britain.[1][3][4] Stevens and his wife had three children, Nicholas Stevens, Heidi Hogan, and Casey Tozzi.[3][5] Many people described Stevens as a person who loved to spend time outdoors.[4] Stevens died on October 5, 2001 from pulmonary anthrax.[5]
Career
Robert Stevens was a newspaper photo editor for Sun, owned by American Media, until he was hospitalized on October 2, 2001.[3][6] American Media published many different tabloids including the National Enquirer and the Sun.[7][8] Many of the publications that Stevens worked on made claims that Elvis was not dead or that celebrities were pregnant with martians.[9]
Death
In early October 2001, letters which contained anthrax were mailed to multiple locations across the United States. After a recent visit to North Carolina, Robert Stevens reported having symptoms similar to the flu.[4] When Robert Stevens was first hospitalized, doctors believed he had developed meningitis. After the doctors completed further testing, it was discovered that he had developed pulmonary anthrax.[4] This had also already been confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[9] Robert Stevens died on October 5, 2001, making his death the first death from anthrax in 25 years.[10] After an investigation was conducted by the FBI, it was revealed that Robert Stevens had come into contact with anthrax through the letter that was mailed to him at American Media in Boca Raton, Florida.[5]
Robert Stevens was the first person killed in these attacks.[3] In addition to killing Robert Stevens, the anthrax killed two postal workers in Washington, a hospital worker in New York, and a 94-year-old woman from Connecticut, and it also caused seventeen other people to become sick.[11][12] In addition, an envelope containing anthrax was opened in what was once the office of Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle. As a result, the House of Representatives was closed down.[9]
Investigation
During their investigation, the FBI concluded that Dr. Bruce Edward Ivins, a microbiologist for the United States Army, had mailed the deadly letters.[7] The FBI obtained some of the anthrax spores and analyzed them. After analyzing the spores, the FBI traced the spores to a military lab located at Fort Detrick, Maryland.[1] Dr. Bruce Edward Ivins quickly became a suspect in the investigation. The FBI began to suspect Ivins when they noticed he had logged in many late night hours right before the attacks.[13] He was questioned in March 2005 about the attacks, but he could not provide a valid reason why he had worked late those nights. In addition to this, Ivins had sent out several emails in which he discussed his mental state and treatment.[1] In 2008, Dr. Bruce Ivins killed himself just as the FBI was preparing to arrest him.[8][11] Leading up to his death, Ivins had been hospitalized for psychiatric evaluation after threatening to kill people he worked with, investigators of the anthrax attacks, and many other people who had supposedly wronged him.[11]
Lawsuit
Maureen Stevens, wife of Robert Stevens, filed a US $50 million lawsuit in 2003 against the government of the United States.[14] In the lawuit, Maureen Stevens claimed "that the government was negligent in failing to stop someone from working at an Army infectious disease lab from creating weapons-grade anthrax used in letters that killed five people and sickened 17 others."[14] Ten years after filing the lawsuit, Maureen Stevens settled with the United States government for US $2.5 million. After Maureen and her lawyer settled with the government, Maureen's lawyer said, "Justice has been served."[15][16]
Context
The anthrax mailings that killed five people and sickened seventeen others came right after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Because they came immediately following 9/11, investigators believed that Al Qaeda was also somehow responsible for the anthrax attacks — only this time, they were using biological weapons.[1][5] However, it was soon discovered that the strain of anthrax used was connected to a military research laboratory in Maryland.[1]
Impact
Robert Stevens was important because he was the first anthrax victim to be killed in 25 years.[10][12] The type of anthrax with which he was killed was rare and lethal. During the investigation, the FBI shut down the offices in which Stevens was employed to collect evidence of anthrax.[17] Another thing that makes the death of Robert Stevens important is that at the time it was very rare for anthrax to be in the form of white powder.[17] At the time experts not only believed that Anthrax could be found in the soil, in sheep, in cattle, and in horses, but they also believed that it was impossible for anthrax to be inhaled.[4][6] The machines used to process mail as it came through the system caused anthrax spores to go into the air. Then, by cleaning those same machines, the anthrax spores spread even farther and onto other mail causing twenty two other people to become sick five of whom died.[6]
Reactions
The main reaction to these events was fear that the United States was once again under attack just a few weeks after 9/11, and the United States Postal System also became fearful as the letters containing anthrax were mailed through the postal service.[1] Because of this fear, online sales of Ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic used to treat anthrax, drastically went up. People purchasing the antibiotic were paying more than ten times the normal cost of the drug.[9]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Daniel Nasaw. "US authorities say deceased scientist responsible for anthrax attacks". The Guardian (UK). Archived from the original on 2017-08-29.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c d "BBC NEWS - Americas - Anthrax victim's widow speaks out". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e ABC News. "Fla. Man Hospitalized With Anthrax". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "U.S. Settles Suit Over Anthrax Attacks". New York Times. 30 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "The Anthrax Mail Attack". National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Feds formally close book on 2001 anthrax attack that killed Boca Raton photo editor". Sun-Sentinel Tribune. Archived from the original on 2016-06-03.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Terry Frieden, CNN (29 November 2011). "Family of 2001 anthrax victim settles with government". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "Ten Years Ago Today the Anthrax Nightmare Unfolded, and Globalized". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Timeline: How The Anthrax Terror Unfolded". NPR.org. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "FBI concludes investigation into 2001 anthrax mailings". CNN. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Deal reached in negligence law suit brought by widow of first 2001 anthrax attack victim". Daily Mail Online. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "FBI investigation of 2001 anthrax attacks concluded; U.S. releases details". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Widow, US Reach Settlement Deal In Florida Anthrax Death". CBS Miami. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Lantana anthrax widow settles $50 million lawsuit against federal". Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "US To Pay $2.5M In Photo Editor Robert Stevens' Anthrax Death". The Huffington Post. 29 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "USATODAY.com - Investigators hunt for source of rare anthrax". Usa Today.