View source for Samanea saman

{{Short description|Species of legume}}
<!-- Acacia propinqua should probably redirect to Acacia mimula when this article exists and disambig from there to here -->
{{Speciesbox
| image                 = Hitachi's tree (cropped).jpg
| image_caption         = The Hitachi Tree at the [[Moanalua Gardens]], Hawaii
| status                = LC
| status_system         = IUCN3.1
| status_ref            = <ref>Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. ''Samanea saman''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T144255307A148988354. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T144255307A148988354.en. Accessed on 01 March 2024.</ref>
| status2                = G5
| status2_system         = TNC
| status2_ref            = <ref>{{cite web |title=''Albizia saman.'' NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.160613/Albizia_saman |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>
| genus                 = Samanea
| species               = saman
| authority             = ([[Jacq.]]) [[Merr.]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:227126-2 |title=''Samanea saman'' (Jacq.) Merr. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher= Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=merr>{{cite journal |last1=Merrill |first1=E.D. |date=1916 |title=<!-- unknown ? --> |url=<!-- unknown ? --> |journal=Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences  |volume= 6 |issue= |pages=47 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>
| synonyms              = {{Collapsible list |
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
* ''Acacia propinqua'' <small>A.Rich.</small>
* ''Albizia saman'' <small>(Jacq.) F.Muell.</small>
* ''Albizzia saman'' <small>(Jacq.) Merr.</small>
* ''Calliandra saman'' <small>(Jacq.) Griseb.</small>
* ''Enterolobium saman'' <small>(Jacq.) Prain</small>
* ''Feuilleea saman'' <small>(Jacq.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Inga cinerea'' <small>Willd.</small>
* ''Inga salutaris'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''Inga saman'' <small>(Jacq.) Willd.</small>
* ''Mimosa pubifera'' <small>Poir.</small>
* ''Mimosa saman'' <small>Jacq.</small>
* ''Pithecellobium cinereum'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''Pithecellobium saman'' <small>(Jacq.) Benth.</small>
* ''Pithecolobium saman'' <small>(Jacq.) Benth. [Spelling variant]</small>
* ''Samanea saman'' <small>(Jacq.) Merr.</small>
* ''Zygia saman'' <small>(Jacq.) A.Lyons</small>
    }}
  }}
| synonyms_ref        = <ref name="POWO"/>
|}}
[[File:Samán (Samanea saman) (14592069826).jpg|thumb|259x259px|A Chankiri Tree, otherwise known as Rain tree]]
'''''Samanea saman''''' is a species of [[Flowering plant|flowering]] [[tree]] in the [[pea]] family, [[Fabaceae]], now in the [[Mimosoideae|Mimosoid clade]]<ref name="6subfamilies">{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG) |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free|hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and is native to Central and South America.<ref name="Elevitch">{{cite book |last1=Staples |first1=George W. |last2=Elevitch |first2=Craig R. |editor-last=Elevitch |editor-first=Craig R. |chapter=''Samanea saman'' (rain tree) |title=Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands: Their Culture, Environment, and Use  |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Grw4g0-h54C&pg=PT678 |year=2006 |location=Holualoa, Hawaii, USA |publisher=Permanent Agricultural Resources |pages=662–664 |isbn=978-0-9702544-5-0}}</ref> It is often placed in the genus ''[[Samanea]]'',<ref>{{GRIN|access-date=2010-03-25}}</ref> which by yet other authors is subsumed in ''Albizia'' entirely.

Its range extends from [[Mexico]] south to [[Peru]] and [[Brazil]], but it has been widely [[Introduced species|introduced]] to [[South Asia|South]]{{citation needed|reason=tree has ancient Sanskrit name so is likely native to south asia|date=July 2019}} and [[Southeast Asia]], as well as the [[Pacific Islands]], including [[Hawaii]]. It is a well-known tree, rivaled perhaps only by [[lebbeck]] and [[Albizia julibrissin|pink siris]] among its [[genus]]. It is well represented in many languages and has numerous local names in its native range;<ref name = humboldt99 /> common English names include '''saman''', '''rain tree''' and '''monkeypod'''<ref name="Elevitch"/> (see also {{section link||Names}} below).

In Cambodia it is colloquially known as the '''Chankiri Tree''' (can be written {{lang|km|ចន្ទគិរី}} or {{lang|km|ចន្ទ៍គីរី}}).

== Description ==
[[File:Flower & flower buds- Samanea saman I IMG 3407.jpg|thumb|left|Pink-flowers being [[pollinated]] by a black [[carpenter bee]], in [[Kolkata]]|alt=Pink-flowered tree being [[pollinated]] by a black [[carpenter bee]], in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] ([[India]])]]
=== Tree ===
Saman is a wide-canopied tree with a large symmetrical umbrella-shaped crown. It usually reaches a height of {{convert|15–25|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a diameter of {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Elevitch"/>

This species of flowering tree in the Fabaceae family is native to Central and South America but has been widely introduced across the tropics, especially South and Southeast Asia.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

Its branches have velvety and hairy bark.<ref name="Maryland">{{cite web |last1=Arditti |first1=Joseph |author2=Mak Chin On<!-- not sure if there is last name --> |title=The Golden Rain Tree |url=http://www.maryland.com.sg/yellow%20rain%20tree.htm |date=1999 |website=Maryland Nursery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615114523/http://www.maryland.com.sg/yellow%20rain%20tree.htm |archive-date=15 Jun 2013 }}</ref> Large branches of the tree tend to break off, particularly during rainstorms. This can be hazardous as the tree is very commonly used for avenue plantation.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

A rain tree leaf is pinnate made of 6–16 leaflets, each leaflet is shaped like a diamond {{convert|2–4|cm|in}} long and {{convert|1–2|cm|in}} wide with a dull top surface and finely hairy beneath. The tree sheds its leaves for a while during dry periods.<ref name="Elevitch"/> Its crown is big and can provide shade, but allows rain to fall through into the ground beneath it.<ref name="Maryland"/>

The leaves fold in rainy weather and in the evenings, hence the names rain tree and five o'clock tree.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/1/3106|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=National Parks, A Singapore Government Official Website}}</ref>

=== Flowers and seeds ===
The tree has pinkish flowers with white and red [[stamen]]s, set on [[Pseudanthium|heads]] with around 12–25 flowers per head. These heads may number in the thousands, covering the whole tree.<ref name="Elevitch"/>

The [[seed pods]] of the tree are curved and leathery; they contain sticky, edible flesh covering the flat, oval seeds.<ref name="Leguminosae"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Samanea saman (rain tree) |date=22 September 2021 |journal=CABI Compendium  |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]] |pages=4026 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.4026 |s2cid=253665652 |doi-access=free }}</ref><!-- PFAF ref shows citation but no sources, hide for now
 {{Cite web|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Samanea+saman#:~:text=The%20pods%20can%20be%20eaten,in%20weight%20but%20highly%20durable.|title=Samanea saman - (Jacq.) Merr. |date=2010 |website=PFAF Plant Database |publisher= Plants For A Future |access-date=7 January 2021}} (original access date by AllTheUsernamesAreInUse) -->

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Albizia saman 0155.JPG|Flower
File:RainTree-2019-5-8 21-33-26-01.jpg|A pollen grain
File:Pods I IMG 3110.jpg|Pods
</gallery>

== Names ==
In [[English language|English]] it is usually known as rain tree or saman. It is also known as "monkey pod", "giant thibet", "inga saman",<ref group="note">It is a rather close relative to the [[inga]]s.</ref> "cow tamarind",<ref name = nottamarind>Among the [[legumes]], it is not very closely related to [[tamarind]]s.</ref> East Indian walnut,<ref group="note">It is not at all closely related to [[walnut]]s.</ref> "soar", or "suar". In English-speaking regions of the [[Caribbean]], it is known as coco tamarind in [[Grenada]]; French tamarind in [[Guyana]]; and samaan tree in [[Trinidad]].<ref name = nottamarind /> In [[Philippine English]], it is confusingly simply known as "acacia", due to its resemblance to native ''[[Acacia]]'' species.<ref name="Staples"/>

[[File:2021 ต้นจามจุรียักษ์ กาญจนบุรี Giant Samanea saman (CHAMCHURI) @ Kanchanaburi 02.jpg|thumb|left|A giant specimen near [[Kanchanaburi]], Thailand, known locally as ''chamchuri-yak'' (จามจุรียักษ์). "Chamchuri" is the Thai name of the tree species, whereas "yak" is the Thai pronunciation of [[yaksha]], a mythical demon, referring in this context to the monstrous size of the tree.]]

The original name, ''saman'' - known in many languages and used for the [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] - derives from ''zamang'', meaning "[[Mimosoideae]] tree" in some [[Cariban languages]] of northern Venezuela.<ref name = humboldt99 /> This name is also where its genus name [[Samanea]] comes from.<ref name="Leguminosae">{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=O. N. |last2=Allen |first2=Ethel K. |author-link2=Ethel K. Allen |title=The Leguminosae, a source book of characteristics, uses, and nodulation |date=1981 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison, Wisconsin, USA |isbn=978-0-299-08400-4 |pages=590 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gUXRNc6sDoC&dq=samanea+zamang&pg=PA590}}</ref>

The origin of the name "rain tree" is unknown. It has been variously attributed to local names ''ki hujan'' or ''pokok hujan'' ("rain tree") in [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]] because its leaves fold during rainy days (allowing rain to fall through the tree);<ref name="FRIM">{{cite web |last1=Ahmad Azaruddin MN |url=https://www.frim.gov.my/colour-of-frim/samanea-saman-the-umbrella-like-rain-tree/wppaspec/oc1/lnen/cv0/ab5/pt27 |title=Samanea saman: The umbrella-like rain tree |date=4 June 2013 |website=Colours of FRIM |publisher=[[Forest Research Institute Malaysia]] |access-date=1 March 2023 }}</ref> the way the relative abundance of grass under the tree in comparison to surrounding areas; the steady drizzle of [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]]-like discharge of [[cicada]]s feeding on the leaves; the occasional shower of sugary secretions from the [[nectaries]] on the [[leaf petiole]]s; to the shedding of [[stamen]]s during heavy flowering.<ref name="Staples">{{cite book |last1=Staples |first1=George W. |last2=Elevitch |first2=Craig R. |title=''Samanea saman'' (rain tree) |date=2006 |publisher=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311667816}}</ref>

In the Caribbean, it is sometimes known as ''marsave''. It is also known as ''algarrobo'' in [[Cuba]]; ''guannegoul(e)'' in [[Haiti]]; and ''goango'' or ''guango'' in [[Jamaica]]. In French-speaking islands, it is known as ''gouannegoul'' or ''saman''.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In [[Latin America]], it is variously known as ''samán'', ''cenízaro'', ''cenicero'', ''genízaro'', ''carreto'', ''carreto negro'', ''delmonte'', ''dormilón'', ''guannegoul'', ''algarrobo del país'', ''algarrobo'', ''campano'', ''carabeli'', ''couji'', ''lara'', ''urero'', or ''zarza'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]; and ''chorona'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="Staples"/>

In the [[Pacific Islands]], it is known as ''filinganga'' in the [[Northern Marianas]]; ''trongkon-mames'' in [[Guam]]; ''gumorni spanis'' in [[Yap]]; ''kasia kula'' or ''mohemohe'' in [[Tonga]]; ''marmar'' in [[New Guinea]]; ''{{okina}}ohai'' in [[Hawaii]]; ''tamalini'' or ''tamaligi'' in [[Samoa]]; and ''vaivai ni vavalangi'', ''vaivai moce'' or ''sirsa'' in [[Fiji]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keppel |first1=Gunnar |title=Trees of Fiji: A Guide to 100 Rainforest Trees |last2=Ghazanfar |first2=Shahina A. |author-link2=Shahina A. Ghazanfar |date=2011 |publisher=Secretariat of the Pacific Community & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit |edition=third, revised |pages=204–5}}</ref> The former comes from ''vaivai'' "watery" (in allusion to the tree's "rain") + ''vavalagi'' "foreign". In some parts of [[Vanua Levu]], [[Fiji]] the word ''vaivai'' is used to describe the [[lebbeck]], because of the sound the seedpods make, and the word ''mocemoce'' (sleepy, or sleeping) is used for ''A. saman'' due to the 'sleepiness' of its leaves.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In [[Southeast Asia]], it is known as ''akasya'' or ''palo de China'' in the [[Philippines]];<ref name="Staples"/> ''meh'' or ''trembesi'' in [[Indonesia]]; ''pukul lima'' ("five o'clock tree") in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]];<ref>{{cite book |author=Adnan Mohamad<!-- exact name --> |date=2003 |title=Pokok-pokok untuk tanaman bandar |trans-title=Trees for town planting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxHbAAAAMAAJ&q=saman |location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |publisher=Forest Research Institute Malaysia |page=111 |isbn=983-2181-51-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/heritage-trees/ht-2003-106 |title=Rain Tree |date=24 June 2021<!--fr page source --> |website=Gardens, Parks & Nature |publisher=[[National Parks Board]] |access-date=2 March 2023 }}</ref> ''ampil barang'' ("Western tamarind") in [[Cambodia]];<ref name="dyphon">{{cite book |last1=Pauline Dy Phon |title=Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge |date=2000 |publisher=Imprimerie Olympic |location=Phnom Penh |page=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InD2RAAACAAJ|author1-link=Pauline Dy Phon }}</ref> ก้ามปู (''kampu''), ฉำฉา (''chamcha''), จามจุรีแดง (''chamchuri daeng''), จามจุรี (''chamchuri'') in [[Thai language|Thai]]; ကုက္ကို (''kokko'') in [[Myanmar]]; and ''còng'', ''muồng tím'', or ''cây mưa'' ("rain tree") in [[Vietnam]].

In [[South Asia]], it is known as ''shiriisha'' in [[Sanskrit]]; শিরীষ (''shirish'') in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]; ''shirish'' in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]; सीरस (''vilaiti siris'') in [[Hindi]]; ''bagaya mara'' in [[Kannada]]; ചക്കരക്കായ്‌ മരം (''chakkarakkay maram'') in [[Malayalam]]; विलायती शिरीश in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]; මාර (''māra'') in [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]]; தூங்குமூஞ்சி மரம் (''thoongu moonji maram'', "sleepy faced tree") in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]; and నిద్ర గన్నేరు (''nidra ganneru'') in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In [[Madagascar]], it is also known as ''bonara (mbaza), kily vazaha, madiromany, mampihe'', or ''mampohehy''.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In [[Europe]]an regions where the tree does not usually grow, its names are usually direct translations of "rain tree". These include ''arbre à (la) pluie'' ([[France]]), ''árbol de lluvia'' ([[Spain]]); and ''Regenbaum'' ([[Germany]]).{{cn|date=June 2023}}

== Use ==
The edible fruit pulp can be made into a beverage that tastes like [[lemon]]s; the pulp is also an additive to [[gasoline]].<ref name="Maryland"/>

Its wood is used for carving and making furniture.<ref name="Elevitch"/>

The "Samanea saman" tree is one of several types of host plants that allows lac insects (Kerria lacca) infestation. The resultant copious sap/insect discharge caused by this insect is a harden material that is subsequently collected and processed into lac/shellac and used in making lacquerware and wood finishes.

== Raintrees around the world ==
=== In Cambodia ===
It is unclear when and how Chankiri was introduced to Cambodia. It is possible the tree was introduced from Brazil by the French in the 1920s, together with the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) during the rubber industry's global boom in the early 1900s. It is also possible the tree came from neighboring countries in the region where the plant had been introduced earlier on by Western colonial explorers.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Since its introduction to [[Cambodia]], the ''Samanea saman'' is known locally as ''chankiri'' (ចន្ទគិរី). It has been widely planted across the country thanks to its tall height and expansive branches that can shade large areas, and as an ornamental. The fruit is eaten, and in famine times the young leaves are eaten in salads.<ref name="dyphon" />

{{langx|km|ចាមរី|translit=Chamri}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionnaire Cambodgien, Fifth Edition.|publisher=Edition De L’Institut Bouddhique|year=1967|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> is the official Khmer name for the plant because the flowers from this tree resemble the beautiful long-haired tail of the {{transl|km|chamri}} (known in English as yak). {{transl|km|Ampil barang}} (French tamarind) is another colloquial name for it in Cambodia.

==== Chankiri Trees in the Killing Fields ====
[[Image:ChoeungEk-Darter-7.jpg|thumb|A Chankiri Tree. The sign reads "Chankiri Tree against which executioners beat children"]]
{{main article|Cambodian Killing Fields}}
Since its introduction to Cambodia, Chankiri has been widely planted across the country thanks to its tall height and expansive branches that can shade large areas. Multiple ''chankiri'' can also be found in the [[Cambodian Killing Fields|Killing Fields]], an execution field used by the [[Khmer Rouge]] during the [[Cambodian genocide]], though the trees were planted at the field long before. Children and infants with parents accused of crimes against the regime were smashed against trees, in the hope that the children "wouldn't grow up and take revenge for their parents' deaths".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tyner|first1=James A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COg2NI7j5mQC|title=War, violence, and population: making the body count|last2=Philo|first2=Chris|publisher=[[Guilford Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-60623-037-4|page=2}}</ref>

It was a coincidence that the Chankiri tree at the Killing Fields is one of the many trees against which the Khmer Rouge executioners beat young children and there are no specific associations locally between the Chankiri tree and the Khmer Rouge.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

=== In Venezuela ===
When [[Alexander von Humboldt]] travelled in the Americas from 1799 to 1804, he encountered a giant saman tree near [[Maracay]], Venezuela. He measured the circumference of the [[parasol]]-shaped crown at 576&nbsp;ft (about 180.8 m),<ref group="note">Presuming von Humboldt used the [[Magdeburg]] foot of 1755, introduced in [[Prussia]] in 1793, which was {{convert|1.044|ft}} (31.385 cm).</ref> its diameter was around 190&nbsp;ft (about 59.6 m), on a trunk at 9&nbsp;ft (about 2.8 m) in diameter and reaching just 60&nbsp;ft (nearly 19 m) in height. Humboldt mentioned the tree was reported to have changed little since the [[History of Venezuela#Spanish period|Spanish colonization of Venezuela]]; he estimated it to be as old as the famous [[Canary Islands Dragon Tree|Canary Islands dragon tree]] (''Dracaena draco'') of [[Icod de los Vinos]] on [[Tenerife]].<ref>von Humboldt & Bonpland (1820): pp.98-100</ref>

The tree, called ''Samán de Güere'' ([[Transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]] ''Zamang del Guayre'' by von Humboldt) still stands today, and is a Venezuelan national treasure. Just like the dragon tree on Tenerife, the age of the saman in Venezuela is rather indeterminate. As von Humboldt's report makes clear, according to local tradition, it would be older than 500 years today, which is rather outstanding by the genus' standards. It is certain, however, the tree is quite more than 200 years old today, but it is one exceptional individual; even the well-learned von Humboldt could not believe it was actually the same species as the saman trees he knew from the [[greenhouse]]s at [[Schönbrunn Castle]].<ref name = humboldt99>von Humboldt & Bonpland (1820): p.99 footnote</ref>  A famous specimen called the "Brahmaputra Rain Tree" located at Guwahati on the banks of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India has the thickest trunk of any Saman; approximately {{convert|12|ft}} diameter at breast height (DBH).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outreachecology.com/landmark/lti_q008/ |title=Landmark Trees of India |last=<not stated> |date=November 4, 2012}}</ref> The size of the pollen is around 119 microns and it is polyad of 24 to 32 grains.

[[File:Flooded Albizia Saman (rain tree) in the Mekong.jpg|thumb|left|Submerged tree in the [[Mekong]], at [[Si Phan Don]], Laos, during the dry season (when the river is low)]]

== Carbon sequestration ==
[[Carbon sequestration]] is the capture and long-term removal of [[Atmospheric carbon dioxide|carbon dioxide]] from the atmosphere. According to a research conducted at the School of Forestry of the [[Bogor Agricultural Institute]], [[Indonesia]], a mature tree with a crown diameter measuring {{convert|15|m|0}} absorbed {{convert|28.5|MT}} of CO<sub>2</sub> annually. The trees have been planted in cities of [[Kudus, Kudus|Kudus]] and [[Demak, Indonesia|Demak]] and also will be planted along the shoulder of the road from [[Semarang]] to [[Losari]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/18/save-earth-planting-trembesi.html |title=Save the earth by planting Trembesi}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Albizia saman trunk leaning over the water on a Mekong bank in sunshine at golden hour (2).jpg|[[Si Phan Don]], Laos|alt=Trunk leaning over the water in [[Si Phan Don]], Laos
File:Samanea saman roots (rain tree) specimen fallen into the Mekong at golden hour in Si Phan Don Laos.jpg|Roots fallen into the water of the [[Mekong]] in [[Don Det]]|alt=Roots fallen into the water of the [[Mekong]] in [[Don Det]]
File:During falling leaf period Samanea saman.jpg|Falling leaves in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal|alt=A tree with falling leaves in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal
File:Samanea saman Sukabumi.jpg|[[Sukabumi]], West Java|alt=Tree at roadside in [[Sukabumi]], West Java
File:Albizia saman 6437.jpg|Detail of the leaves
File:AlbiziaSaman.jpg|Leaves, flowers, dried pods, seeds
File:Bark of Albizia saman.jpg|Mature bark
File:Bark- Black-rumped Flameback I IMG 9087.jpg|[[Black-rumped flameback]] (''Dinopium benghalense'')|alt=[[Black-rumped flameback]] (''Dinopium benghalense'') on a limb
File:MONKEY POT.jpg|alt=Slab of wood
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{aut|Arditti, Joseph & On, Mak Chin}} (2004): [https://web.archive.org/web/20110822144645/http://www.maryland.com.sg/yellow%20rain%20tree.htm The Golden Rain Tree]. Version of 2004-MAY-01. Retrieved 2008-MAR-31.
* {{aut|International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS)}} (2005): [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~158&genus~Albizia&species~saman ''Albizia saman'']. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2008-MAR-30.
* {{aut|[[Alexander von Humboldt|von Humboldt, Alexander]] & [[Aimé Bonpland|Bonpland, Aimé]]}} (1815): ''Reise in die Aequinoctial-Gegenden des neuen Continents'' (Part 3). J.G. Cotta, Stuttgart and Tübingen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0YJAAAAQAAJ Image/PDF fulltext] at [[Google Books]]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Albizia saman}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
* [http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/samanea_saman.htm Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project page for ''Samanea saman'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090815145350/http://forest.ap.nic.in/Silviculture%20of%20Species/Forest%20Seeds/078.htm Reference for Telugu word Nidra Ganneru]

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q259500|from2=Q15283786}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mimosoids]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Trees of Central America]]
[[Category:Trees of Peru]]