Schöningen site
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The Schöningen site is a Paleolithic archaeological site in Lower Saxony, in Germany, dating to around 300,000 years ago. It is best known for the Schöningen spears, some of the oldest known wooden spears, found in the "spear horizon", though the site as a whole covers a broader span of time.
Discovery and stratigraphy
[edit]
The site was initially excavated between 1994 and 1999, after having been found at an overcast mine near Schöningen in Lower Saxony, Germany. The depositional environment is thought to have been a lakeshore, with thermoluminescence dating and uranium–thorium dating suggesting an age of the site of approximately 300,000 years ago, during an interglacial period corresponding to Marine Isotope Stage 9.[1]
Spear horizon (13 II-4)
[edit]At the so-called "spear horizon", referred to within the stratigraphic sequence as Schöningen 13 II-4, numerous remains (representing 20-25 individuals[2]) of butchered horses belonging to the extinct species Equus mosbachensis have been found associated with wooden spears (the famous Schöningen spears), among the oldest known wooden spears,[1][3] other wood tools, including throwing sticks likely also used in hunting, as well as split woods with pointed and rounded ends have also been found at the site. The split wood tools were likely used in domestic activities like processing hide.[4]
Other animals found in this layer do not display evidence of butchery, and likely accumulated naturally, these include: red deer, roe deer, European wild ass, aurochs, steppe bison, wild boar, Irish elk, Merck's rhinoceros and the narrow-nosed rhinoceros,[5][2] straight-tusked elephant[3] grey wolves, red foxes, stoats, least weasels,[2] and the sabretooth cat Homotherium (among the youngest records of the genus in Eurasia),[6] along with the European beaver and the extinct giant beaver Trogontherium, with small mammals including water voles, pygmy shrews, desmans, the European mole, the Narrow-headed, tundra, short-tailed field, common, European pine, European water and bank voles, along with the Norway lemming.[2][5]
This layer is suggested to have been deposited in a steppe environment with mild summers and cold winters, colder than those in the contemporary environment at the site today, with the lakeshore being covered by sedges and surrounded by willow and birch swamp forest, while the surrounding steppe environment had scattered pine and larch trees, and juniper shrubs.[5]
Elephant butchery site
[edit]
At layer 13 II-3, which is below the spear horizon,[7] a mostly complete skeleton of an adult female (approximately 50 year old) straight-tusked elephant was found, which was found with natural fragments of flint which have wear indicating that they were used to butcher the elephant. The site displays no evidence of hunting, and it is suggested that the elephant died of natural causes and was later scavenged by humans.[8] The P. antiquus individual had a shoulder height of approximately 3.2 m (10 ft) and weighed around 6.8 tons. During the excavation, 300 bones and a total of 700 bone parts were recovered, spread over an area of around 64 m2 (690 sq ft). The finds include the 2.3 meter long tusks, the lower jaw, vertebrae and ribs, as well as the bones of three legs and the entire hyoid bone.[9] The skeletal parts were largely in an anatomically correct arrangement. Various parts were missing, such as the pelvis, the left front leg with the shoulder blade and the foot bones of two legs. The preservation of the bones is mostly very good, only the more than one meter high skull of the individual had disintegrated into hundreds of small parts due to the honeycomb-like nature of the skull. Overall, the animal lay parallel to the former lake shore with the head in the north and the rear in the south.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Schoch, Werner H.; Bigga, Gerlinde; Böhner, Utz; Richter, Pascale; Terberger, Thomas (December 2015). "New insights on the wooden weapons from the Paleolithic site of Schöningen". Journal of Human Evolution. 89: 214–225. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.004. PMID 26442632.
- ^ a b c d van Kolfschoten, Thijs (April 2014). "The Palaeolithic locality Schöningen (Germany): A review of the mammalian record". Quaternary International. 326–327: 469–480. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.11.006.
- ^ a b Urban, Brigitte; Krahn, Kim J.; Kasper, Thomas; García-Moreno, Alejandro; Hutson, Jarod M.; Villaluenga, Aritza; Turner, Elaine; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Farghaly, Dalia; Tucci, Mario; Schwalb, Antje (July 2023). "Spatial interpretation of high-resolution environmental proxy data of the Middle Pleistocene Palaeolithic faunal kill site Schöningen 13 II-4, Germany". Boreas. 52 (3): 440–458. doi:10.1111/bor.12619. ISSN 0300-9483.
- ^ Leder, Dirk; Lehmann, Jens; Milks, Annemieke; Koddenberg, Tim; Sietz, Michael; Vogel, Matthias; Böhner, Utz; Terberger, Thomas (2024-04-09). "The wooden artifacts from Schöningen's Spear Horizon and their place in human evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (15): e2320484121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2320484121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 11009636. PMID 38557183.
- ^ a b c Serangeli, Jordi; Rodríguez-Álvarez, Bárbara; Tucci, Mario; Verheijen, Ivo; Bigga, Gerlinde; Böhner, Utz; Urban, Brigitte; van Kolfschoten, Thijs; Conard, Nicholas J. (October 2018). "The Project Schöningen from an ecological and cultural perspective". Quaternary Science Reviews. 198: 140–155. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.020.
- ^ Serangeli, Jordi; Van Kolfschoten, Thijs; Starkovich, Britt M.; Verheijen, Ivo (December 2015). "The European saber-toothed cat (Homotherium latidens) found in the "Spear Horizon" at Schöningen (Germany)". Journal of Human Evolution. 89: 172–180. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.005. PMID 26505304.
- ^ Stahlschmidt, Mareike C.; Miller, Christopher E.; Ligouis, Bertrand; Goldberg, Paul; Berna, Francesco; Urban, Brigitte; Conard, Nicholas J. (December 2015). "The depositional environments of Schöningen 13 II-4 and their archaeological implications". Journal of Human Evolution. 89: 71–91. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.07.008. PMID 26341030.
- ^ Venditti, Flavia; Rodríguez-Álvarez, Bárbara; Serangeli, Jordi; Cesaro, Stella Nunziante; Walter, Rudolf; Conard, Nicholas J. (2022-12-15). "Using microartifacts to infer Middle Pleistocene lifeways at Schöningen, Germany". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 21148. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1221148V. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24769-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9755147. PMID 36522355.
- ^ Brich, Markus (19 May 2020). "Schöninger Forscher taufen Skelett-Fund auf den Namen "Nelly"". www.helmstedter-nachrichten.de (in German).
- ^ Serangeli, Jordi; Verheijen, Ivo; Álvarez, Bárbara Rodríguez; Altamura, Flavio; Lehmann, Jens; Conard, Nicholas J. (2020). "Elefanten in Schöningen". Archäologie in Deutschland. 3: 8–13.