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Seth Green (pisciculture)

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Seth Green
Seth Green from his work Trout Culture (1870)[1]
Born(1817-03-19)March 19, 1817
DiedAugust 18, 1888(1888-08-18) (aged 71)
Resting placeMount Hope Cemetery, Rochester, New York
NationalityAmerican
Known forFish Farming pioneer

Seth Green (March 19, 1817 – August 18, 1888) was an American pioneer in fish farming (pisciculture and aquaculture). He established the first fish hatchery in the United States in the Town of Caledonia, New York. He was a successful commercial fisherman, operating a large and profitable fish and game market in Rochester, New York. After many years of operating his commercial hatchery in Caledonia, he entered government service with the New York State Fish Commission and eventually became Superintendent of Fisheries for the state of New York. Seth Green's pioneering efforts to raise fish stocks and restore fish populations for sporting purposes established a standard of aquaculture recognized internationally. He is commonly referred to as the "Father of fish culture in North America."

Early life

Seth Green was born in Rochester, New York, the son of farmer Adonijah Green and wife, Betsy Bronson.[2][3] He had one brother and two sisters. He grew up as an outdoor enthusiast in the small village of Carthage along the Genesee River near Rochester learning fishing skills from his father and the local Seneca. His formal schooling was limited to finishing fifth or sixth grade at a local Carthage district school. When the financial Panic of 1837 severely impacted the economy of Carthage, he left home and decided to take up commercial fishing along the Genesee River. In 1848 he married a local Rochester girl Helen Cooke. They established a fish and game market in downtown Rochester which he operated with his brother and partner, Monroe Green. By 1857 the market employed more than 100 people.[4] It was one of the largest and most prosperous fish markets in the region.[2] To supply his market Green traveled the shores of Lake Ontario over the years for fish. He and his fishermen survived many storms and hardships on Lake Ontario to supply the market with from 0.5 to 3 short tons (450 to 2,720 kg) daily. Early in his commercial fishing business, he observed Atlantic salmon spawning near Cobourg, Ontario and conceived the idea of propagating his own stocks of fish, not only for market but to restock streams for sport fishing.[2]

Caledonia Fish Hatchery

Caledonia Fish Hatchery circa 1879[5]

Based on his own observations, ancient writings on fish culture and his own experimentation along the Genesee River, Green pioneered a new method of fertilization he call "dry impregnation". In 1864 he located a small hatchery in Caledonia, New York along a spring creek.[6] Green's hatchery was the first in the Western Hemisphere. He kept his methods secret for many years while successfully and profitably raising Atlantic salmon and brook trout for market.[7][8] Later, he expanded his techniques to other species, including shad, rainbow and brown trout. In 1867–1869 he experimented and pioneered methods to successfully propagate American shad in the Connecticut River near Holyoke, Massachusetts. Restocking the river with shad fry, resulted in an 1870 harvest that was 60% larger than the largest ever recorded in 1811.[2]

Government service

From an early age, Seth Green recognized that fish were not a limitless resource and over harvest would easily deplete rivers, lakes and streams of fish. In 1868, working with like-minded New York sportsmen, especially Robert B. Roosevelt and ex-governor Horatio Seymour, he encouraged the state legislature to form a fishing commission. Green, Roosevelt and Seymour were appointed the state's first fish commissioners and charged with examining lakes and rivers and to bring about a substantial increase in the production of fish in the waters of New York State. Their annual budget was $1,000.[2] Between 1868 and 1875, the commission established a regular stocking program in the state's rivers and lakes, being supplied by Seth Green's hatchery in Caledonia. During this period, Seth Green sold the hatchery to A.S. Collins, a friend and partner. In 1870, Green resigned his position as fish commissioner and the governor appointed him Superintendent of Fisheries. In 1875, the state bought the Caledonia hatchery and it remains as a functioning fish hatchery in New York to this day.[9]

Although he was a representative of the state of New York, he promoted his propagation and stocking methods throughout the east coast and was responsible for reestablishing American Shad populations in coastal rivers as far south as the Savannah River in Georgia.

California

In early 1871, at the request of the California Fish Commission, Green transported over 12,000 American Shad fry to Sacramento, California to plant in the Sacramento River. In June 1871, after a tedious train trip of seven days from Albany, New York, Green arrived with some 10,000 shad fry. They were stocked in the river near the town of Tehama, California. The project was a complete success, and in 1873 the state offered a $50 reward for the first shad being caught from Pacific Ocean tributaries, which was paid on May 10, 1873. The fish was caught in a tributary of San Francisco Bay. The shad was a male fish 1 year, 9 months, and 12 days old. It was 17 inches (43 cm) long and weighed 3 pounds (1.4 kg).[2] American shad were the first non-native introduced fish into California waters.[10]

Recognition

By the early 1870s, Seth Green was internationally recognized as a leading expert on fish culture. He corresponded regularly with fisheries authorities around the world, especially in Germany, France and New Zealand. He wrote extensively about fish culture, publishing his first work Trout Culture in 1870 and his most comprehensive work Home Fishing in Home Waters-A Practical Treatise in Fish Culture in 1888. For many years he was the editor of the sports department of American Angler.

His work and contributions to fish culture were recognized in both the U.S. and abroad. In 1872 and 1875 the Imperiale d'Acclimatation of France awarded Green solid gold medals for his work in pisciculture. In 1876, the U.S. Centennial Commission gave Seth Green a certificate of award at the International Exhibition held at Philadelphia. In 1880, the German Fishing Society in Berlin awarded Green a gold medal for his work in fish culture.[2]

Death

In 1882 Green was on a fishing trip off the coast of the Carolinas with his friend Robert Barnwell. During the trip he contracted typhoid pneumonia. He never fully recovered from this disease and although he was still able to function, his physical and mental health deteriorated from that point on. In January, 1888, Seth and his son William were visiting a museum when the carriage they were riding in overturned. Seth severely injured his back in the accident which confined him to his house for the remainder of his life. At the age of 71, senile and bed-ridden, Seth Green died on August 18, 1888 in Rochester, New York.[2]

Legacy

Much of the credit for the introduction of rainbow trout into non-native waters east of the continental divide,[11] brook trout into the west,[8][11] and brown trout throughout the U.S.[12] can be attributed to the pioneering effects of Seth Green and his Caledonia Fish Hatchery. In Rochester, New York Seth Green Drive and the Seth Green Trail along the Genesee River, near the former location of Carthage are named for him.[13] The Rochester, New York chapter of Trout Unlimited is named after Green.[14] The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation operates a 46 foot (14 m), 50 short tons (45 t) research vessel on Lake Ontario named "Seth Green".[15] In 1987, the Fish Culture Hall of Fame, an institution of the American Fisheries Society enshrined Seth Green as the "Father of Fish Culture in North America."[16]

The Caledonia Fish Hatchery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.[17]

Bibliography

  • Green, Seth (1870). Trout Culture (pdf). Rochester, New York: Seth Green and A.S. Collins.
  • Fish Hatching and Fish Catching (pdf). Rochester, New York: Union and Advertisers Book and Job Print. 1879. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  • Green, Seth (1888). Home Fishing in Home Waters-A Practical Treatise on Fish Culture (pdf). New York: O. Judd Co.

Notes

  1. ^ Green, Seth (1870). Trout Culture (pdf). Rochester, New York: Seth Green and A.S. Collins.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Black, Sylvia R. (July 1944). "Seth Green Father of Fish Culture" (pdf). Rochester History. Rochester Public Library. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
  3. ^ Mark C. Carnes, ed. (2005). American National Biography, Supplement 2. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 213. ISBN 9780195222029.
  4. ^ Spaulding, John (Autumn 2014). "Seth Green's Fish Hatchery Turns 150 Years Old". Fly Tyer: 7–13.
  5. ^ Fish Hatching and Fish Catching (pdf). Rochester, New York: Union and Advertisers Book and Job Print. 1879. p. 39. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  6. ^ "State Hatchery-Caledonia". nyhistoric.com. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
  7. ^ Caledonia Fish Hatchery
  8. ^ a b Karas, Nick (2002). Brook Trout: A Thorough Look at North America's Great Native Trout – Its History, Biology, and Angling Possibilities, Revised Edition. NY: Lyons Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-58574-733-7.
  9. ^ "Fish Hatcheries". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  10. ^ "History And Status of Introduced Fishes In California, 1871–1996". California Department of Fish and Game. 1997. Retrieved 2014-08-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  11. ^ a b Halverson, Anders (2010). An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-0-300-14088-0. OCLC 440281085.
  12. ^ Newton, Chris (2013). The Trout's Tale – The Fish That Conquered an Empire. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-1-907110-44-3.
  13. ^ "Seth Green Trail". Footprint Press. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
  14. ^ "Seth Green Chapter Trout Unlimited". Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  15. ^ "DEC Fisheries Research Vessel Seth Green". New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  16. ^ "Fish Culture Hall of Fame". American Fisheries Society. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  17. ^ "National Register of Historic Places". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 2/23/15 through 2/27/15. National Park Service. 2015-03-06.
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