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Siege of Fort Mose

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Battle of Fort Mose
Part of the War of Jenkins' Ear

Site of the old fort
Date26 June 1740
Location
Fort Mose, Florida
Result Decisive Spanish victory
Belligerents
 Great Britain Spain Spain
Commanders and leaders
John Palmer † Antonio Salgado
Francisco Menendez
Strength
170 regulars and indians[1] 300 regulars, plus militia,
Indian auxiliaries and free blacks[1][2]
Casualties and losses
68[3]–75 killed,[4]
34 captured[3]		 10 killed,
20 wounded[5][6]

The Battle of Fort Mose (often called Bloody Mose, or Bloody Moosa at the time) was a significant action of the War of Jenkins’ Ear, and it took place on June 26 of 1740. Captain Antonio Salgado commanded a Spanish column of 300 regular troops, backed by the free black militia and allied Seminole warriors consisting of Indian auxiliaries. They stormed Fort Mose, a strategically crucial position[7] newly held by 170 British soldiers under Colonel John Palmer. This garrison had taken the fort as part of James Oglethorpe's offensive to capture St. Augustine. Taken by surprise, the British garrison was virtually annihilated.[7] Colonel Palmer, three captains and three lieutenants were among the British troops killed in action.[6] The battle destroyed the fort. The Spanish did not rebuild it until 1752.[8][9]

Background

Located two miles north of St. Augustine, Fort Mose was established in 1738 by the Spanish as a refuge for British black slaves escaping from the colonies of Georgia and South Carolina. Forty-five years earlier, in 1693, King Charles II of Spain had ordered his Florida colonists to give all runaway slaves from British colonies freedom and protection if they converted to Catholicism and agreed to serve Spain. This is the Spanish Royal Edict, from the translation by Bruce Twyman:

It has been notified … that eight black males and two black females who had run away from the city of San Jorge [Charlestown], arrived to that presidio asking for the holy water of baptism, which they received after being instructed in the Christian doctrine. Later on, the chief sergeant of San Jorge visited the city with the intention to claim the runaways, but it was not proper to do so, because they had already become Christians .... As a prize for having adopted the Catholic doctrine and become Catholicized, as soon as you get this letter, set them all free and give them anything they need, and favor them as much as possible. I hope them to be an example, together with my generosity, of what others should do.

Male runaway slaves who passed military inspection were granted freedom by Spain in return for converting to Catholicism and performing four years' military service.[10] The new fort was the first settlement of free blacks in North America.[11]

The fort consisted of a church, a wall of timber with some towers, and some twenty houses inhabited by a hundred people.[11] The maroons were commissioned as Spanish militia by Governor Manuel de Montiano and put under the command of Captain Francisco Menendez, a mulatto or creole of African-Spanish descent, who had escaped from slavery in South Carolina.

Fort Mose's militia soon became a matter of concern for the British colonies.[11] The fort served as both a colony of freedmen and as Spanish Florida's front-line of defense against British attacks from the north. The Spanish intended to destabilize the plantation economy of the British colonies by creating a community that would attract slaves seeking escape and refuge. Word of the free black settlement reached the Province of South Carolina; it is believed to have helped inspire the Stono Rebellion in September 1739. During the slave revolt, several dozen blacks headed for Spanish Florida, but were not successful in reaching it. The fort was later important in the British Siege of St. Augustine.[12]

Battle

At the outbreak of the War of Jenkins’ Ear in 1739, General James Oglethorpe, governor of Georgia, encouraged by some successful raids by British colonial Rangers in the frontier, decided to raise a significant expedition to capture and destroy St. Augustine, capital of Spanish Florida.[13] As part of the campaign, he realized his forces had to capture and hold Fort Mose.

Oglethorpe launched his campaign. Regular troops from South Carolina and Georgia, militia volunteers, about 600 allied American Indian Creek and Uchise allies and about 800 black slaves as auxiliaries made up the expedition, which was supported at sea by seven ships of the British Royal Navy.[13] Montiano, who had 600 regulars including reinforcements recently arrived from Cuba, was forced to resist entrenched. On several occasions he attacked the British lines by surprise.[2]

Approaching St. Augustine, a British party under Colonel John Palmer, composed of 170 men belonging to the Georgian colonial militia, the Scottish Highlander 42nd Regiment of Foot (old) and auxiliary native allies,[2] rapidly occupied Fort Mose, strategically sited on a vital travel route.[7] Manuel de Montiano had ordered the fort abandoned after some of its inhabitants had been killed by Indian allies of Great Britain. The free black residents moved to St. Augustine.

While the Oglethorpe expedition laid siege to St. Augustine, Montiano considered his options. Knowing the strategic importance of Fort Mose, and realizing its vulnerabilities, Montiano decided to undertake a counter-offensive operation. At dawn on June 15, Captain Antonio Salgado commanded Spanish regulars, and Francisco Menendez led the Maroon militia and Seminole Indian auxiliaries, in a surprise attack on Mose.[2][4] The attack was initiated two hours before the British soldiers awoke so that they could not prepare their arms for defense.[14] About 70 of the British colonials were killed in bloody hand to hand combat with swords, muskets and club work.[4]

Aftermath

The Spanish victory at Fort Mose demoralized the badly divided British forces and was a significant factor in Oglethorpe’s withdrawal to Savannah.[4] In late June St. Augustine was relieved by Spanish forces from Havana, and the Royal Navy’s warships abandoned the land forces.[4] Governor Montiano commended the Maroons for their bravery.[14] Although Fort Mose had been destroyed during the siege, its former residents were resettled in St. Augustine for the next decade as free and equal Spanish colonial citizens.[14]

When the Spanish rebuilt the fort in 1752, free blacks returned there. After the British victory against the French in the Seven Years' War, it took over East Florida in a related trade with the Spanish. They evacuated most of their residents and military to Cuba, and Francisco Menendez and most of the free blacks went with them, to escape being re-enslaved by British colonial forces.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Wasserman p.61
  2. ^ a b c d Martínez Láinez/Canales p.239
  3. ^ a b Quesada p.49
  4. ^ a b c d e Landers p.37
  5. ^ Marley p.254
  6. ^ a b Gómez
  7. ^ a b c Burnett p.167
  8. ^ Jones p.13
  9. ^ Henderson p.94
  10. ^ Riordan (1996), pp. 25–44.
  11. ^ a b c Martínez Láinez/Canales p.236
  12. ^ Linebaugh, p. 250
  13. ^ a b Landers p.35
  14. ^ a b c Wasserman p.96

References

Library resources about
Siege of Fort Mose
  • Burnett, Gene M. (1997). Florida's Past: People and Events That Shaped the State. Pineapple Press Inc. ISBN 978-1-56164-139-0
  • De Quesada, A. M. (2006). A History of Florida Forts: Florida's Lonely Outposts. The History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-104-1
  • Gómez, Santiago: La Guerra de la Oreja de Jenkins. Combates en el Caribe. Operaciones principales. Revista de Historia Naval Template:Es
  • Henderson, Ann L. (1991). Spanish Pathways in Florida, 1492–1992. Pineapple Press Inc. ISBN 978-1-56164-004-1
  • Jones, Maxine D.; McCarthy, Kevin M. (1993). African Americans in Florida. Pineapple Press Inc. ISBN 978-1-56164-031-7
  • Landers, Jane (1999). Black Society in Spanish Florida. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06753-2
  • Linebaugh, Peter and Marcus Rediker (2001), The Many-headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5007-1
  • Marley, David (1998). Wars of the Americas: a Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-837-6
  • Martínez Laínez, Fernando; Canales, Carlos (2009). Banderas Lejanas: la Exploración, Conquista y Defensa por España del Territorio de los Actuales Estados Unidos. EDAF. ISBN 978-84-414-2119-6
  • Riordan, Patrick. "Finding Freedom in Florida: Native Peoples, African Americans, and Colonists, 1670–1816", Florida Historical Quarterly 75(1), 1996, pp. 25–44, at JSTOR.
  • Twyman, Bruce Edward. The Black Seminole Legacy and Northern American Politics, 1693-1845. Washington: Howard University Press, 1999.
  • Wasserman, Adam (2009). A People's History of Florida 1513–1876: How Africans, Seminoles, Women, and Lower Class Whites Shaped the Sunshine State. Adam Wasserman. ISBN 978-1-4421-6709-4

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