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Simeon Bekbulatovich

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Simeon Bekbulatovich, portrait by unknown painter, second half of the 16th century, beginning of the 17th century

Simeon Bekbulatovich (Russian: Симеон Бекбулатович; born Sain-Bulat, Russian: Саин-Булат; died 5 January 1616) was a Russian statesman of Tatar origin, descendant of Genghis Khan,[1] who briefly served as a figurehead ruler of Russia.[2]

He was born to a Muslim family and served the Khan of the Khanate of Qasim before converting to Christianity and becoming an aide to Ivan IV of Russia. He participated in the Livonian War as a commander of the main regiment (bol'shoi polk) of the Muscovite army.[3] In 1575, Ivan pretended to abdicate and named Simeon Velikiy knyaz (often translated as "Grand prince" ) of All Rus', but remained de facto in power and returned to his throne a year later. Subsequently, Simeon became Velikiy knyaz of Tver' and Torzhok (1576–1585). He went blind (or was blinded) in 1595 and was allegedly tonsured as a Christian monk under the monastic name Stefan in 1606.

Biography

The first mention of Simeon in the sources is a reference to a certain Sail-Bulat in the Supplement to the Nikon Chronicle under 1561 as being in the entourage of his aunt, Princess Kochenei, when she married Ivan IV.[4] Our earliest evidence that he was khan of Qasim comes from a statement that the Russian ambassador to Constantinople, Ivan Novosil'tsev, said to the Ottoman Sultan Selim II to that effect in 1570.[5]

In 1575 (either September or October), Ivan IV appointed Simeon as Grand Prince of All Rus' and styled himself merely as "Ivan of Moscow". Historians have a number of opinions concerning why Ivan did this. According to the most popular theory by contemporary diplomat Giles Fletcher, the Elder, Ivan aimed to confiscate the land that belonged to monasteries without attracting the ire of the Church. Simeon issued the decrees of confiscation instead of Ivan, while Ivan pretended to disagree. During his one-year "rule" in the Moscow Kremlin, Simeon married Anastasia Mstislavskaya, the great-great-granddaughter of Ivan III.[2]

In 1576, Simeon stepped down as Grand Prince of All Rus' and was appointed Grand Prince of Tver' and Torzhok. In 1585, Tsar Fedor Ivanovich removed his title as Grand Prince of Tver' and Torzhok and confined him to his estate at Kushalov. In 1595, Simeon went blind. According to Jacques Margeret, Simeon blamed Spanish wine that Boris Godunov sent him for his birthday. When Boris was elected Tsar in 1598, he required those at the court to sign a loyalty oath, which prohibited them from recognizing Simeon as tsar or corresponding with him. False Dmitry I required Simeon to be tonsured at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, where he took the monastic name Stefan on April 3, 1606. When Vasilii Shuiskii was elected tsar, he ordered the elder Stefan taken to the Solovki Monastery on May 29, 1606.[2]

In 1612, as the result of a decree issued by Prince D. M. Pozharskii and "on the advice of all the land" (zemskii sobor), Stefan was returned to the Kirilo-Belozersk Monastery. Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, he returned to Moscow and resided in the Simonov Monastery until he died in 1616. He was buried in the Simonov Monastery next to his wife, who had died June 7, 1607, after having been veiled as the nun Alexandra.

Ancestry

References

  1. ^ a b Perrie, Maureen; Pavlov, Andrei (2014). Ivan the Terrible. Routledge. p. 173. ISBN 9781317894681. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b c "How a Tatar Khan ruled Russia" (in Russian). Russia Beyond The Headlines. 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
  3. ^ Sinbirskii sbornik, vol. 1: Chast' istoricheskaia (Moscow: A. Semen, 1844), 31-35, 39.
  4. ^ Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei (PSRL'), 13:333.
  5. ^ Puteshestviia russkikh poslov XVI-XVII vv., edited by D. S. Likhachev (Moscow: Akademiia nauk SSSR, 1954), 77. Novosil'tsev left Moscow on January 24, 1570, so Sain Bulat had to be khan by then.
  6. ^ Khodarkovsky, Michael (October 18, 2011). Bitter Choices: Loyalty and Betrayal in the Russian Conquest of the North Caucasus. Cornell University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-801-46289-4. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  7. ^ Vasilii Vladimirovitch Barthold, Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, Vol. 3 (1962), p. 33.
  8. ^ a b Cahiers du monde russe, Volume 45. Centre d'études sur la Russie, l'Europe orientale et le domaine turc de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. 2004. p. 14. ISBN 978-2-713-22008-1. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  9. ^ a b c Babur, Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad (2006). Babur Nama : journal of Emperor Babur (PDF). Hiro, Dilip., Beveridge, Annette Susannah. New Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 739. ISBN 9780144001491. OCLC 144520584.
  10. ^ Godet, Martine (2004). Stratégies impériales: Expansion, colonisation, intégration, conversion. Éd. de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. p. 14. ISBN 978-2-713-22008-1. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

Further reading

  • Ostrowski, Donald (2013). "Simeon Bekbulatovich's Remarkable Career as Tatar Khan, Grand Prince of Rus', and Monastic Elder". Russian History. 39 (3): 269–299. doi:10.1163/18763316-03903001.
Simeon Bekbulatovich
 Died: 5 January 1616
Regnal titles
Preceded by Tsar of All the Russias
1575 – 1576 		Succeeded by
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