Squalodon

Squalodon; Temporal range: Oligocene–Miocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Skull of S. bariensis in Brussels
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Infraorder:	Cetacea
Superfamily:	Platanistoidea
Family:	†Squalodontidae; Brandt, 1873
Genus:	†Squalodon; Grateloup, 1840
Species
	†S. grateloupii von Meyer, 1843; (Type); †S. antverpiensis van Beneden, 1861; †S. bariensis Jourdan 1861; †S. barbarus Mchedlidze and Aslanova 1968; †S. calvertensis Kellogg 1923; †S. whitmorei Dooley 2005; †S. catulli Molin 1859

Squalodon is an extinct genus of whales endemic to Oligocene to Miocene, belonging to the family Squalodontidae. Named by Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup in 1840,^[1] it was originally believed to be an iguanodontid dinosaur but has since been reclassified. The name Squalodon comes from Squalus, a genus of shark. As a result, its name means "shark tooth."

Description

Squalodon are odontocetes that lived during the early-middle Oligocene into the middle Miocene, about 33 to 14 million years ago. The genus Squalodon belongs to the order Odontoceti, the toothed whales. They are named after the shark Squalus because their cheek teeth look like the teeth of a squalus shark. The unique-looking squalodontids were likely distributed throughout the world in warm waters during the Oligocene and Miocene. Squalodontidae became extinct in the middle of the Miocene, leaving no descendants. Hypotheses of why this family lead to extinction have to deal with competition of other groups of dolphins as well as climate change.

Ancestral and modern features

These whales are characterized by both ancestral and modern features. Their teeth are the most evident ancestral feature. At this time in history other toothed whales were evolving simple conical teeth while Squalodontidae retained their primitive dentition that their ancestors (the archaeocetes) had developed.^[2] Today living odontocetes have little variation in their teeth. Squalodontids' teeth are much more complex: they are widely spaced apart; their cheek teeth are triangular and serrated for grasping and cutting. Due to the efficiency of their primitive dentition squalodontids could have a diverse variety of prey. Another ancestral quality of the Squalodontidae is their necks. Squalodontid necks are more compressed than their ancestors, the Archaeoceti. Compared to toothed whales at that time, the squalodontids were likely more mobile. Paleontologists also believe that the dorsal fins were reduced but larger than that of the ancestors.^[2] Shark toothed whales also possess many modern features. Their crania were well compressed, their rostrums were telescoped outward, and their skulls show proof of the origin of echolocation.^[3]

Fossil record and classification

Fossils of this genus are identified mainly by the teeth but several different species have been named based on skull characteristics and size (the biggest being S. whitmorei). Most of the fossil record consists of teeth. These odontocete fossils have been discovered in Europe, eastern North America, New Zealand, and Argentina. Because isolated teeth are insufficient for species identification, most specimens lacking the skull can only be identified to genus.^[4] The fossils of squalodontids indicate that this species is more closely related to endangered species of dolphins and not to most of the living dolphins today.^[5]

The systematic placement of Squalodon within Odontoceti was long unclear. For a long time, it was thought to be close of the ancestry of modern dolphins and porpoise.^[6] Many of the fresh-water dolphins are differentiated phylogenetically very well, while the argument of some of the species has been going on for more than a century. The taxon is characterized during the Oligocene and Miocene in which heterodont teeth are standard amongst the family. Some modern features of the scapula, however, contradict with current phylogenetic relationships. Squalodontids were believed to be the last common ancestor of the odontocetes until 1984. Muizon came to the conclusion that rather than to any of the living species this family is closer related to the endangered species. Therefore, the ancestry of today's dolphins has little to do with the squalodontids.^[5]

Species

As the type genus of Squalodontidae, Squalodon has become a repository for various squalodontids or even taxa that were once thought to belong to Squalodontidae. However, there has been no revision of Squalodon.

Species currently recognized as valid

Squalodon grateloupii Meyer, 1843 (type species)
Squalodon antverpiensis van Beneden, 1861
Squalodon bariensis (Jourdan 1861)
Squalodon barbarus Mchedlidze and Aslanova 1968
Squalodon calvertensis Kellogg 1923
Squalodon whitmorei Dooley 2005
Squalodon catulli Molin 1859

Questionably assigned to Squalodon

Arionus servatus Meyer, 1841 = Squalodon meyeri Brandt, 1873
Pachyodon mirabilis Meyer, 1838
Rhytisodon tuberculatus Costa, 1852
Smilocamptus burgueti Gervais, 1859
Phocodon melitensis (Blainville, 1840) = Phoca melitensis Blainville, 1840 = Phocodon scillae Agassiz, 1841
"Squalodon" kelloggi Rothausen, 1968
Squalodon bellunensis Dal Piaz, 1901
Squalodon peregrinus Dal Piaz, 1971
Squalodon imperator Cigala-Fulgosi & Pilleri, 1985

References

^ Grateloup, Description d'un fragment de mâchoire fossile, d'un genre nouveau de reptile (Saurien), de taille gigantesque, voisin de l'Iguanodon..., Bordeaux 1840.
^ ^a ^b Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach By A. Rus Hoelzel. Published 2002 Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-632-05232-5
^ Whitmore, Jr., F.C., and Sanders, A.E. 1977. Review of the Oligocene Cetacea. Systematic Zoology, 25(4):304–320.
^ A. C. Dooley. 2003. A review of the eastern North American Squalodontidae (Mammalia: Cetacea). Jeffersoniana 11:1–26
^ ^a ^b C. Muizon. 1984. Les vertebres fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Perou) II: Les Odontocetes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Pliocene inferieur de Sud-Sacaco. Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines Editions Recherche sur les Civilizations Memoire 50:1–188
^ K. Rothausen. 1968. Die systematische Stellung der europäischen Squalodontidae (Odontoceti, Mamm.). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 42(1–2):83–104

External links

[1] Grateloup, Description d'un fragment de mâchoire fossile, d'un genre nouveau de reptile (Saurien), de taille gigantesque, voisin de l'Iguanodon..., Bordeaux 1840.

[mmb2002-2] Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach By A. Rus Hoelzel. Published 2002 Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-632-05232-5

[3] Whitmore, Jr., F.C., and Sanders, A.E. 1977. Review of the Oligocene Cetacea. Systematic Zoology, 25(4):304–320.

[4] A. C. Dooley. 2003. A review of the eastern North American Squalodontidae (Mammalia: Cetacea). Jeffersoniana 11:1–26

[muizon84-5] C. Muizon. 1984. Les vertebres fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Perou) II: Les Odontocetes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Pliocene inferieur de Sud-Sacaco. Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines Editions Recherche sur les Civilizations Memoire 50:1–188

[6] K. Rothausen. 1968. Die systematische Stellung der europäischen Squalodontidae (Odontoceti, Mamm.). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 42(1–2):83–104

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