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Stachybotrys

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Stachybotrys
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Ascomycota
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Order:
Hypocreales
Genus:
Stachybotrys

Corda, 1837
Species

~ 50, see text

Stachybotrys is a genus of molds, or asexually-reproducing, filamentous fungi. Closely related to the genus Memnoniella,[1][2] most Stachybotrys species inhabit materials rich in cellulose. The genus has a widespread distribution, and contains about 50 species.[3]

The most infamous species, S. chartarum (also known as S. atra) and S. chlorohalonata are known as "black mold" or "toxic black mold" in the U.S. and are frequently associated with poor indoor air quality that arises after fungal growth on water-damaged building materials.[4]

Pathogenicity

Symptoms of Stachybotrys exposure in humans

Exposure to the mycotoxins present in Stachybotrys chartarum or Stachybotrys atra can have a wide range of effects. Depending on the length of exposure and volume of spores inhaled or ingested, symptoms can manifest as chronic fatigue or headaches, fever, irritation to the eyes, mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and throat, sneezing, rashes, and chronic coughing. In severe cases of exposure or cases exacerbated by allergic reaction, symptoms can be extreme including nausea, vomiting, and bleeding in the lungs and nose.[5][unreliable medical source?] The controversy began in the early 1990s after analysis of two infantile deaths due to pulmonary hemorrhage in Cleveland, Ohio were initially linked to exposure to heavy amounts of Stachybotrys chartarum. Subsequent and extensive reanalysis of the cases by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have failed to find any link between the deaths and the mold exposure.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

Species

See also

References

  1. ^ Haugland, RA, Vesper SJ, Harmon SM (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships of Memnoniella and Stachybotrys species and evaluation of morphological features for Memnoniella species identification". Mycologia. 93 (1). Mycologia, Vol. 93, No. 1: 54–65. doi:10.2307/3761605. JSTOR 3761605.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Castlebury L, Rossman A, Sung G, Hyten A, Spatafora J (2004). "Multigene phylogeny reveals new lineage for Stachybotrys chartarum, the indoor air fungus". Mycol Res. 108 (Pt 8): 864–72. doi:10.1017/S0953756204000607. PMID 15449591.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 659. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Fog Nielsen K (2003). "Mycotoxin production by indoor molds". Fungal Genet Biol. 39 (2): 103–17. doi:10.1016/S1087-1845(03)00026-4. PMID 12781669.
  5. ^ Richard F. Progovitz. Black Mold: Your Health and Your Home. Note that the effect (strength) depends on the person and their immune system AND physiology. p. 97.

Further reading

  • Black Mold: Your Health and Your Home (2003) ISBN 0-9743943-9-4


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