Stefan Bobrowski
Stefan Bobrowski | |
|---|---|
 Stefan Bobrowski in 1862 | |
| Born | January 17, 1840 |
| Died | April 12, 1863 (aged 23) |
| Organization | "Reds" (Czerwoni) |
| Movement | January Uprising |
Stefan Bobrowski (born January 17, 1840,[note 1] died April 12, 1863) was a Polish 19th-century politician and an activist for Polish independence. Bobrowski was a participant in the January Uprising and was one of the leaders [1] of the "Red" faction among the insurrectionists as a member of the Central National Committee (Komitet Centralny Narodowy) and the Provisional National Government (Tymczasowy Rząd Narodowy). He advocated land reform and an end to serfdom in order to rally peasants to the cause, while at the same time he tried to ensure support of the szlachta. He also tried to establish links with potential revolutionaries within Russia who opposed the Tsar. He died in 1863 in a duel with a member of the "White" faction, Count Adam Grabowski, to which he agreed but which he was sure to lose, on account of his extreme near-sightedness.[2]
Bobrowski was an uncle of the writer Joseph Conrad,[1] and a possible basis for the protagonist in Conrad's Lord Jim.[3]
Early life
Bobrowski was born to a Polish szlachta family in Terechowa near Berdyczów, which at the time was part of the Russian Empire (now in Ukraine). In 1852 he attended a gymnasium in Nemyriv and two years later in Saint Petersburg. In 1856 he began attending Saint Petersburg State University and studying Philosophy. During this time he established contacts with radical Russian and Polish students. In 1860 he abandoned his studies and moved to Kiev, where, while pretending to be a student, he engaged himself in political activism and joined the Triple Society (Związek Trojnicki);[4] the name was a reference to the three parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which had been taken by Russia in the Partitions of Poland but not included in Congress Poland (Volhynia, Podolia and the Kiev area). The purpose of the society was to promote an end to serfdom without compensation to the landlords in the three areas and attracting the peasants to the cause of Polish independence. However, ultimately, Polish and Ukrainian members of the society disagreed on the question of Polish and Ukrainian statehood and language, and its founder, Volodymyr Antonovych left the organization, and was replaced on the ruling committee by Bobrowski. Bobrowski organized an illegal print shop in Kiev Pechersk Lavra and oversaw the publication of the society's two newspapers Odrodzenie (Rebirth) and Wielkorus (Great-Ruthenian).[5] The Tsarist police found the print shop and closed it down in 1862, while Bobrowski avoided captured because the police mistakenly arrested another student with a last name "Bobrowski" (who was shortly thereafter released). He escaped to Romania. The authorities kept the case open until 1871, eight years after his death, when they finally closed it due to the "continued absence of the accused".
January Uprising
In 1862 the Central National Committee (Komitet Centralny Narodowy, KCN) was formed in Warsaw, whose purpose was to prepare for an upcoming insurrection against Russia. Bobrowski joined it and served as its representative abroad. He traveled to Moldavia, where he checked in on the formation of a Polish Legion which was supposed to enter Poland upon the outbreak of hostilities to support the insurrection. He also most likely traveled to Moscow, where he met with representatives of the secret Russian organization Ziemla i Wola which had similar aims with regard to ending serfdom, and also opposed the Tsar. He also returned to Kiev, where he subordinated the Triple Society to the KCN.
On January 1, 1863 Bobrowski came to Warsaw, where he was made a member of the central committee of the KCN.[6] On January 3 he voted for the outbreak of the uprising, despite the fact that he did not believe in its success. In October 1862 the KCN issued a statement that an insurrection was necessary in the face of a coming forced conscription into the Tsarist army, and Bobrowski with his vote was supporting the official line. The KCN also chose Ludwik Mierosławski as a temporary dictator of the insurrection, despite opposition from Bobrowski.[7]
After a lack of success on the battlefield, and personal clashes with one of the generals of the uprising, Marian Langiewicz, Mierosławski resigned his dictatorship and left Poland for Paris. At that point the central committee, prodded by Bobrowski decided against the appointment of another dictator. However on March 10, 1863, Langiewicz, influenced and misinformed by the White faction, in particular Count Adam Grabowski, self-proclaimed as the new dictator of the uprising and took over a portion of the committee's funds which he used for arms purchases. Faced with such a fait accompli and wishing to avoid in fighting among the insurrectionists, Bobrowski reluctantly affirmed and supported Langiewicz. Since Langiewicz was essentially a nominee of the "White" faction, the Red dominated committee insisted that as dictator he appoint advisers from its ranks and attempted to circumscribe his power to solely military matters. Despite a successful military operation at Chroberz (notable for the charge by the Zouves of death under the command of French born officer François Rochebrune) after the battle of Grochowiska, Langiewicz came to believe that the cause was lost and in late March, a few weeks after being made dictator, crossed over into Austria, where he was interred.[6] As a result, afterwards, Bobrowski and the Committee issued a manifesto in which they announced that the Uprising was to have no more dictators.
Death
On March 20 Bobrowski went to Kraków in order to investigate the circumstances of Langiewicz's self proclamation as dictator and subsequent departure. Shortly before he had sent a letter to Langiewicz in which he commented upon the character of Count Grabowski who had convinced Langiewicz to become dictator, and in which Bobrowski referred to Grabowski as a "common thug" which any "serious politician should be ashamed to even mention" ("jest to awanturnik najpospolitszy, o którym poważnemu politykowi nawet wstyd wspominać"). The letter and its contents somehow became public knowledge. Additionally when Bobrowski met Grabowski face to face he refused to shake his hand. Offended, Grabowski challenged Bobrowski to a duel.
Initially Bobrowski turned down the challenge, since in his view an ongoing national insurrection meant that it was not time to settle personal scores. However, the matter was taken up by a "Court of Honor" which decided in Grabowski's favor. Even though Bobrowski could have simply ignored the court's decision, his sense of chivalry dictated that he accept its verdict. He did so despite the fact that he was pretty much guaranteed to lose, as he was extremely short-sighted, while Grabowski was renowned as a marksman in the Prussian army. The duel took place on April 12, in a forest near Rawicz, outside the village of Izbice.[8] It is doubtful if Bobrowski could even see his opponent. Grabowski shot him directly in the heart, and Bobrowski died on the spot.
Julian Łukaszewski, the Committee's representative in the Prussian partition, writing shortly after, in consideration of the circumstances under which it happened, called the duel an incident of "cold blooded" and "barbaric" murder.
Currently, a memorial stone marks the site of the duel.[9]
Notes and references
- Notes
- ^ Sometimes given as 1841.
- References
- ^ a b [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ Michael Hamm, Kiev: A Portrait, 1800-1917, Princeton University Press, 1995, pg. 73
- ^ a b William Fiddian Reddaway, Cambridge History of Poland, Cambridge University Press, 1971, pg. 377
- ^ Piotr Stefan Wandycz, The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795-1918, University of Washington Press, 1974, pg. 172
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
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