Sustainable agriculture: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
←Replaced content with 'PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPo' Tag: repeating characters |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPo |
|||
{{Cleanup|date=August 2009}} |
|||
{{More footnotes|date=July 2008}} |
|||
{{farming}} |
|||
'''Sustainable agriculture''' uses ecological principles to farm, hence the prefex agro- to farm and ecology- the science of the relationship between organisms and their environment. |
|||
It has been defined as follows: |
|||
“the term sustainable agriculture means an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term: |
|||
* Satisfy human food and fiber needs |
|||
* Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agricultural economy depends |
|||
* Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls |
|||
* Sustain the economic viability of farm operations |
|||
* Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.”<ref>[http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/agnic/susag.shtml usda.gov]</ref> |
|||
Sustainable Agriculture in the United States was also addressed by the 1990 farm bill.<ref>Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 (FACTA), Public Law 101-624, Title XVI, Subtitle A, Section 1603</ref> |
|||
==Physical aspects== |
|||
The physical aspects of sustainability are partly understood.<ref>[[Miguel Altieri|Altieri, Miguel A.]] (1995) Agroecology: The science of sustainable agriculture. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.</ref> Practices that can cause long-term damage to soil include excessive [[tillage]] (leading to [[erosion]]) and [[irrigation]] without adequate drainage (leading to [[salinization]]). [[Long-term experiments]] have provided some of the best data on how various practices affect soil properties essential to sustainability. |
|||
The most important factors for an individual site are sun, air, soil and water. Of the four, water and [[soil conservation|soil quality]] and quantity are most amenable to human intervention through time and labour. |
|||
Although [[air]] and [[sunlight]] are available everywhere on [[Earth]], [[Agriculture|crops]] also depend on [[soil]] [[nutrients]] and the availability of [[water resources|water]]. When farmers grow and [[harvest]] crops, they remove some of these nutrients from the soil. Without replenishment, land suffers from nutrient depletion and becomes either unusable or suffers from reduced [[Crop yield|yields]]. Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas (used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate). Possible sources of nitrogen that would, in principle, be available indefinitely, include: |
|||
#recycling crop waste and [[livestock]] or treated [[humanure|human]] [[manure]] |
|||
#growing [[legume]] crops and forages such as [[peanut]]s or [[alfalfa]] that form symbioses with [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]] called [[rhizobia]] |
|||
#industrial production of nitrogen by the [[Haber Process]] uses hydrogen, which is currently derived from natural gas, (but this hydrogen could instead be made by [[electrolysis]] of water using electricity (perhaps from solar cells or windmills)) or |
|||
#genetically engineering (non-legume) crops to form nitrogen-fixing symbioses or fix nitrogen without microbial symbionts. |
|||
The last option was proposed in the 1970s, but would be well beyond the capability of early 21st century technology, |
|||
{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} even if various concerns about biotechnology were addressed. Sustainable options for replacing other nutrient inputs (phosphorus, potassium, etc.) are more limited. |
|||
More realistic, and often overlooked, options include [[shifting cultivation|long-term crop rotations]], returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients indefinitely) such as the [[Flooding of the Nile]], the long-term use of [[biochar]], and use of crop and livestock [[landrace]]s that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients. |
|||
In some areas, sufficient rainfall is available for crop growth, but many other areas require irrigation. For irrigation systems to be sustainable they require proper management (to avoid salinisation) and musn't use more water from their source than is naturally replenished, otherwise the water source becomes, in effect, a non-renewable resource. Improvements in water well drilling technology and the development of drip irrigation and low preasure pivots [[submersible pump]]s have made it possible for large crops, including produce to be regularly grown where reliance on rainfall alone previously made this level of success unpredictable. However, this progress has come at a price, in that in many areas where this has occurred, such as the [[Ogallala Aquifer]], the water is being used at a greater rate than its rate of recharge. |
|||
==Economics== |
|||
Socioeconomic aspects of sustainability are also partly understood. Regarding less concentrated farming, the best known analysis is Netting's study on smallholder systems through history.<ref>[[Netting, Robert McC.]] (1993) Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture. Stanford Univ. Press, Palo Alto.</ref>. The [[Oxford Sustainable Group]] defines sustainability in this context in a much broader form, considering effect on all stakeholders in a 360 degree approach |
|||
Given the finite supply of [[natural resources]] at any specific cost and location, agriculture that is inefficient or damaging to needed resources may eventually exhaust the available resources or the ability to afford and acquire them. It may also generate negative [[externality]], such as pollution as well as financial and production costs. |
|||
The way that crops are [[selling|sold]] must be accounted for in the sustainability [[equation]]. [[Food]] sold locally requires little additional energy, aside from that necessary for [[cultivation]], harvest, and transportation (including consumers). Food sold at a remote location, whether at a [[farmers' market]] or the [[supermarket]], incurs a different set of energy cost for [[material]]s, [[labour (economics)|labour]], and [[transport]]. |
|||
==Methods== |
|||
What grows where and how it is grown are a matter of choice. Two of the many possible practices of sustainable agriculture are [[crop rotation]] and [[soil amendments|soil amendment]], both designed to ensure that crops being cultivated can obtain the necessary [[nutrient]]s for healthy growth. |
|||
Many scientists, farmers, and businesses have debated how to make agriculture sustainable. One of the many practices includes growing a diverse number of perennial crops in a single field, each of which would grow in separate season so as not to compete with each other for natural resources.<ref>http://www.landinstitute.org/pages/Glover-et-al-2007-Sci-Am.pdf Glover et al. 2007. ''Scientific American''</ref> This system would result in increased resistance to diseases and decreased effects of erosion and loss of nutrients in soil. [[Nitrogen fixation]] from legumes, for example, used in conjunction with plants that rely on nitrate from soil for growth, helps to allow the land to be reused annually. Legumes will grow for a season and replenish the soil with ammonium and nitrate, and the next season other plants can be seeded and grown in the field in preparation for harvest. |
|||
[[Monoculture]], a method of growing only one crop at a time in a given field, is a very widespread practice, but there are questions about its sustainability, especially if the same crop is grown every year. Growing a mixture of crops (polyculture) sometimes reduces disease or pest problems <ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v406/n6797/abs/406718a0.html Nature 406, 718-722 Genetic diversity and disease control in rice], Environ. Entomol. 12:625)</ref> but polyculture has rarely, if ever, been compared to the more widespread practice of growing different crops in successive years ([[crop rotation]]) with the same overall [[crop diversity]]. Cropping systems that include a variety of crops (polyculture and/or rotation) may also replenish nitrogen (if [[legumes]] are included) and may also use resources such as sunlight, water, or nutrients more efficiently (Field Crops Res. 34:239). |
|||
Replacing a natural ecosystem with a few specifically chosen plant varieties reduces the genetic diversity found in wildlife and makes the organisms susceptible to widespread [[disease]]. The [[Great Irish Famine|Great Irish Famine (1845-1849)]] is a well-known example of the dangers of [[monoculture]]. |
|||
In practice, there is no single approach to sustainable agriculture, as the precise goals and methods must be adapted to each individual case. There may be some techniques of farming that are inherently in conflict with the concept of sustainability, but there is widespread misunderstanding on impacts of some practices. For example, the [[slash-and-burn]] techniques that are the characteristic feature of [[shifting cultivation|shifting cultivators]] are often cited as inherently destructive, yet [[slash-and-burn]] cultivation has been practiced in the Amazon for at least 6000 years<ref>Sponsel, Leslie E. (1986) Amazon ecology and adaptation. Annual Review of Anthropology 15: 67-97.</ref>; serious deforestation did not begin until the 1970s, largely as the result of Brazilian government programs and policies.<ref>Hecht, Susanna and Alexander Cockburn (1989) The Fate of the Forest: developers, destroyers and defenders of the Amazon. New York: Verso.</ref> To note that it may not have been [[slash-and-burn]] so much as [[slash-and-char]], which with the addition of organic matter produces [[terra preta]], one of the richest soils on Earth and the only one that regenerates itself. |
|||
There are also many ways to practice sustainable animal husbandry. Some of the key tools to grazing management include fencing off the grazing area into smaller areas called [[paddocks]], lowering stock density, and moving the stock between paddocks frequently.<ref>[http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/sustpast.html Pastures: Sustainable Management<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
|||
Several attempts have been made to produce an artificial meat, using isolated tissues to produce it [[in vitro]]; [[Jason Gaverick Matheny|Jason Matheny]]'s work on this topic, whichin the [[New Harvest]] project, is one of the most commented.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/21/us/21meat.html "PETA’s Latest Tactic: $1 Million for Fake Meat"], ''NYT'', April 21, 2023.</ref> |
|||
===Soil treatment=== |
|||
[[Soil steam sterilization|Soil steaming]] can be used as an ecological alternative to chemicals for soil sterilization. Different methods are available to induce steam into the soil in order to kill pests and increase soil health. |
|||
== Off-farm impacts == |
|||
A farm that is able to "produce perpetually", yet has negative effects on environmental quality elsewhere is not sustainable agriculture. An example of a case in which a global view may be warranted is over-application of synthetic [[fertilizer]] or animal [[manure]]s, which can improve productivity of a farm but can pollute nearby rivers and coastal waters ([[eutrophication]]). The other extreme can also be undesirable, as the problem of low crop yields due to exhaustion of nutrients in the soil has been related to [[rainforest]] destruction, as in the case of [[slash and burn]] farming for livestock feed. |
|||
Sustainability affects overall production, which must increase to meet the increasing food and fiber requirements as the world's human population expands to a projected 9.3 billion people by [[2050]]. Increased production may come from creating new farmland, which may [[ameliorate]] carbon dioxide emissions if done through reclamation of desert as in [[Palestine]], or may worsen emissions if done through [[slash and burn]] farming, as in [[Brazil]]. Additionally, [[Genetically modified organism]] crops show promise for radically increasing crop yields{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}, although many people and governments are apprehensive of this new farming method. |
|||
Some advocates of sustainable agriculture favour as the only system which can be sustained over the long-term. However, organic production methods, especially in transition, yield less than their conventional counterparts and raise the same problems of sustaining populations globally While evidence suggests that organic farms handle periods of drought better |
|||
==Urban planning== |
|||
There has been considerable debate about which form of human residential habitat may be a better social form for sustainable agriculture. |
|||
Many environmentalists advocate urban developments with high population density as a way of preserving agricultural land and maximizing energy efficiency. However, others have theorized that sustainable [[ecocities]], or [[ecovillage]]s which combine habitation and farming with close proximity between producers and consumers, may provide greater sustainability{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. |
|||
The use of available city space (e.g., [[rooftop gardens]], [[community gardens]], [[garden sharing]], and other forms of [[urban agriculture]]) for cooperative food production is another way to achieve greater sustainability{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. |
|||
One of the latest ideas in achieving sustainable agricultural involves shifting the production of food plants from major factory farming operations to large, urban, technical facilities called vertical farms. The advantages of [[vertical farming]] include year-round production, isolation from pests and diseases, controllable resource recycling, and on-site production that reduces transportation costs{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. While a vertical farm has yet to become a reality, the idea is gaining momentum among those who believe that current sustainable farming methods will be insufficient to provide for a growing global population{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. For vertical farming to become a reality, billions of dollars in tax credits and subsidies will need to be made available to the operation.<ref>[http://www.verticalfarm.com/pdf/PopSci-Jul-2007.pdf Vertical Farming]</ref> It may be difficult to justify spending billions of dollars on a vertical farm that will only feed 50,000 people when agriculture land remains abundant. |
|||
==See also== |
|||
{{Col-begin}} |
|||
{{Col-break}} |
|||
* [[Agriculture]] |
|||
* [[Agrobiodiversity]] |
|||
* [[Agroecology]] |
|||
* [[Agronomy]] |
|||
* [[Allotment gardens]] |
|||
* [[Analog forestry]] |
|||
* [[Aquaponics]] |
|||
* [[Biodynamic agriculture]] |
|||
* [[Biointensive]] |
|||
* [[Cobb Hill]] |
|||
* [[Composting]] |
|||
* [[Declaration for Healthy Food and Agriculture]] |
|||
* [[Deficit irrigation]] |
|||
* [[Ecology]] |
|||
* [[Ecological sanitation]] |
|||
* [[Environmental protection]] |
|||
* [[Factory farming]] |
|||
* [[Fire-stick farming]] |
|||
* [[Food systems]] |
|||
* [[Forest gardening]] |
|||
* [[Green Revolution]] |
|||
* [[Holistic management]] |
|||
* [[Industrial agriculture]] |
|||
* [[Integrated production]] |
|||
* [[International Organization for Biological Control]] |
|||
* [[Land Allocation Decision Support System]] |
|||
* [[Land consolidation]]<ref name=" doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.008">{{cite journal | author = Pasakarnis G, Maliene V | title = Towards sustainable rural development in Central and Eastern Europe: applying land consolidation |journal = Land Use Policy |volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 545–9 | year = 2010 | doi =10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.008}}</ref> |
|||
* [[Land Institute]] |
|||
* [[Landcare]] |
|||
* [[List of sustainable agriculture topics]] |
|||
* [[Low carbon diet]] |
|||
* [[Organic cotton]] |
|||
* [[Organic clothing]] |
|||
* [[Organic food]] |
|||
* [[Organic farming]] |
|||
* [[Organic movement]] |
|||
* [[Permaculture]] |
|||
* [[Polyculture]] |
|||
* [[Rainforest Alliance]] |
|||
* [[Reconciliation Ecology]] |
|||
* ''[[Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems]]'' (journal) |
|||
* [[Renewable resource]] |
|||
* [[Slash-and-burn]] technique, a component of [[Shifting cultivation]] |
|||
* [[Slash-and-char]], environmentally responsible alternative to [[slash-and-burn]] |
|||
* [[Sustainable Commodity Initiative]] |
|||
* [[Sustainable development]] |
|||
{{Col-break}} |
|||
* [[Sustainable Farming Association of Minnesota]] |
|||
* [[Sustainable food system]] |
|||
* [[Terra preta]] |
|||
* [[The Natural Step]] |
|||
* [[Urban agriculture]] |
|||
* [[Permaculture]] |
|||
* [[Permaforestry]] |
|||
* [[Forest gardening]] |
|||
* [[Home gardens]] |
|||
* [[Biomass]] |
|||
* [[Biomass (ecology)]] |
|||
* [[Forest farming]] |
|||
* [[Analog forestry]] |
|||
* [[Terra preta]] |
|||
* [[Wildcrafting]] |
|||
* [[Agroforestry]] |
|||
* [[Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System]] |
|||
* [[Desert rose project]] |
|||
* [[Buffer strip]] |
|||
* [[Great Plains Shelterbelt]] |
|||
* [[Macro-engineering]] |
|||
* [[Desertification]] |
|||
* [[Ecological engineering]] |
|||
* [[Human ecology]] |
|||
* [[Collaborative innovation network]] |
|||
* [[Ecological engineering methods]] |
|||
* [[Ecotechnology]] |
|||
* [[Energy-efficient landscaping]] |
|||
* [[Hedgerow]] |
|||
* [[Proposed sahara forest project]] |
|||
* [[Sand fence]] |
|||
* [[Seawater Greenhouse]] |
|||
* [[Sustainable Table]] |
|||
* [[Windbreak]] |
|||
* [[Afforestation]] |
|||
* [[Deforestation during the Roman period]] |
|||
* [[Deforestation]] |
|||
* [[Megaprojects]] |
|||
* [[Push–pull technology]] |
|||
* [[Sustainable landscaping]] |
|||
{{Col-end}} |
|||
{{Portal|Sustainable development}} |
|||
==Footnotes== |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
==Sources== |
|||
* Dore, J. 1997. ''[http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/shortreps/sr20.html Sustainability Indicators for Agriculture: Introductory Guide to Regional/National and On-farm Indicators]'', [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/home.html Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation], Australia. |
|||
*Gold, Mary. 1999. [http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/srb9902.htm ''Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms'']. Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 99-02 Updates SRB 94-5 September 1999. National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. |
|||
*Hayes, B. 2008. Trial Proposal: Soil Amelioration in the South Australian Riverland. |
|||
*Jahn, GC, B. Khiev, C. Pol, N. Chhorn, S. Pheng, and V. Preap. 2001. Developing sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia. pp. 243–258, In S. Suthipradit, C. Kuntha, S. Lorlowhakarn, and J. Rakngan [eds.] “'''Sustainable Agriculture''': Possibility and Direction” Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Sustainable Agriculture 18–20 October 1999, Phitsanulok, Thailand. Bangkok (Thailand): National Science and Technology Development Agency. 386 p. |
|||
* [[Lindsay Falvey]] (2004) Sustainability - Elusive or Illusion: Wise Environmental Management. [[Institute for International Development]], Adelaide pp259. |
|||
* Hecht, Susanna and Alexander Cockburn (1989) The Fate of the Forest: developers, destroyers and defenders of the Amazon. New York: Verso. |
|||
* [[Netting, Robert McC.]] (1993) Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture. Stanford Univ. Press, Palo Alto. |
|||
*[http://publishing.royalsociety.org/sustainable-agriculture Dedicated double issue of ''Philosophical Transactions B'' on Sustainable Agriculture. Some articles are freely available.] |
|||
==University programs== |
|||
* [[Central Carolina Community College]], [[Pittsboro, North Carolina]] |
|||
* [[Chiang Mai University]]/ Sustainable Agriculture and Integrated Watershed Management MSc, [[Chiang Mai University, Thailand]] |
|||
* [[Clemson University]], [[Clemson, South Carolina]] |
|||
* [[The Evergreen State College]], [[Olympia, Washington]] |
|||
* [[Imperial College London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |
|||
* [[Iowa State University]], [[Ames, Iowa]] |
|||
* [[Makerere University]], [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] |
|||
* ''Educational and Training Opportunities in Sustainable Agriculture''. 19th ed. 2009. World-wide directory of academic and organizational programs. Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, [[National Agricultural Library]]. http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/edtr/EDTR2006.shtml |
|||
* [[North Carolina State University]], [[Raleigh, North Carolina]] |
|||
* [[Penn State University]], [[University Park, Pennsylvania]] |
|||
* [[Purdue University]], [[West Lafayette, Indiana]] |
|||
* [[Santa Rosa Junior College]], [[Santa Rosa, California]] |
|||
* [[Sterling College (Vermont)]], [[Craftsbury, Vermont]] |
|||
* [[Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela]], [[Caracas]]-[[Ciudad Bolivar]]-[[Coro]]-[[Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] |
|||
* [[University of Alaska]], [[Fairbanks, Alaska]] |
|||
* [[University of British Columbia]] |
|||
* [[University of California]], [[Davis, California|Davis]], [[California]] |
|||
* [[University of Florida]], [[Gainesville, Florida]] |
|||
* [[University of Hawaii]], [[Honolulu, Hawaii]] |
|||
* [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]], [[Urbana, Illinois|Urbana]]-[[Champaign, Illinois]] |
|||
* [[University of Kassel]]/Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, [[Witzenhausen]], [[Germany]] |
|||
* [[University of Kentucky]], [[Lexington, Kentucky]] |
|||
* [[University of Maine]], [[Orono, Maine]] |
|||
* [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts]] |
|||
* [[University of Missouri]], [[Columbia, Missouri]] |
|||
* [[University of Vermont]], [[Burlington, Vermont]] |
|||
* [[University of Wisconsin–River Falls]], [[River Falls, Wisconsin]] |
|||
* [[Wageningen University]], [[Netherlands]] |
|||
* [[Washington State University]], [[Pullman, Washington]] |
|||
* [[West Virginia University]], [[Morgantown, West Virginia]] |
|||
* [[Yale Sustainable Food Project]], [[Yale University]], [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]] |
|||
==Further reading== |
|||
*[http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/books/oc53.asp Strategies for Sustainable Land Management in the East African Highlands] by John Pender, Frank Place, and Simeon Ehui (2006) |
|||
* [http://www.michaelpollan.com/omnivore.php The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals] by Michael Pollan (2007) |
|||
*''The No-Nonsense Guide to World Food'' by Wayne Roberts (2008) |
|||
==External links== |
|||
* [http://africaproject2020.com/ Africa Project 2020] An Effort to Eradicate Hunger in Africa by empowering Farmers through Sustainable Agriculture. |
|||
* [http://asi.ucdavis.edu/ Agricultural Sustainability Institute at UC Davis] |
|||
*[http://www.biodynamics.net.au Biodynamic Agriculture Australia] Promoting the practice and understanding of the Biodynamic system of sustainable agriculture. |
|||
* [http://www.cefs.ncsu.edu/ Center for Environmental Farming Systems] |
|||
* [http://csanr.wsu.edu/ Center for Sustaining Agriculture & Natural Resources] ([[WSU]]) |
|||
* [http://www.foodalliance.org/ Food Alliance] The most credible and comprehensive certification for sustainable agriculture and food handling in North America. |
|||
* [https://enduser.elsevier.com/farmmanagement A special issue of the ''Journal of Environmental Management''] focuses on farm management and sustainable agriculture. |
|||
* [http://www.landinstitute.org/ The Land Institute] Research on sustainable perennial crop systems |
|||
* [http://www.attra.org/ National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service] |
|||
* [http://www.sustainableagriculture.net/ National Campaign for Sustainable Agriculture] |
|||
*[http://www.nutri-tech.com.au/blog Sustainable Agriculture News - The Latest Cutting Edge Information on Sustainable Agriculture] |
|||
* [http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/concept.htm What is Sustainable Agriculture?] ''(from SAREP: University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program)'' |
|||
* [http://www.sare.org/ Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE)] |
|||
* [http://sarep.ucdavis.edu/ SAREP: University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program] |
|||
* [http://www.sustainablecommodities.org Sustainable Commodity Initiative] |
|||
* [http://www.saiplatform.org/ Industry-based initiative promoting sustainable agriculture for the production of mainstream agricultural materials] |
|||
* [http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/programs/agriculture/ Rainforest Alliance's Sustainable Agriculture program] |
|||
* [http://www.verticalfarm.com The Vertical Farm Project] Envisioning the future of human food production as a mechanism for environmental restoration, protection from infectious disease, and a source of sustainable energy |
|||
* [http://www.oired.vt.edu/sanremcrsp/ SANREM CRSP] Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program at Virginia Tech |
|||
* [http://www.shdi.org Self Help Development International] SHDI is an Irish agency engaged in promoting long term sustainable development projects in Africa. |
|||
* [http://www.newwest.net/index.php/topic/main/C520/L40 Spade & Spoon: Localizing the Way Westerners Eat] |
|||
* [http://www.safecrop.org/ SAFECROP Centre for research and development of crop protection with low environment and consumer health impact] |
|||
* [http://www.iied.org/NR/agbioliv/index.html Sustainable Agriculture, Biodiversity and Livelihoods Programme, part of the Natural Resources Group, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)] |
|||
* [http://www.odi.org.uk/agriculture Research on Agriculture] and its role in international development from the [[Overseas Development Institute]] |
|||
* [http://www.naturalstepusa.org/case-studies/organically-grown-company-sustainable-agriculture.html A Natural Step Case Study: Planning for the future harvest: Sustainability in the food industry - The Organically Grown Company ] |
|||
* [http://www.wiserearth.org/aof/195 Sustainable Agriculture Portal on WiserEarth] |
|||
* [http://www.wiserearth.org/organization/limitToMasterid/195/limitToType/aof List of Sustainable Agriculture Organizations on WiserEarth] |
|||
{{Sustainability}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sustainable Agriculture}} |
|||
[[Category:Sustainable agriculture|*]] |
|||
[[Category:Sustainable technologies]] |
|||
[[Category:Pollination management]] |
|||
[[Category:Sustainable food system|Agriculture]] |
|||
[[es:Agricultura sostenible]] |
|||
[[fa:کشاورزی پایدار]] |
|||
[[fr:Agriculture durable]] |
|||
[[ja:持続可能な農業]] |
|||
[[pt:Agricultura sustentável]] |
|||
Revision as of 00:57, 7 June 2010
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPo