Tetrapodomorpha

Tetrapodomorpha; Temporal range: ; Early Devonian - Present, 409–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	The advanced tetrapodomorph Tiktaalik
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Sarcopterygii
Clade:	Rhipidistia
Clade:	Tetrapodomorpha; Ahlberg, 1991
Subgroups
	See below

The Tetrapodomorpha (also known as Choanata^[1]) are a clade of vertebrates consisting of tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their closest sarcopterygian relatives that are more closely related to living tetrapods than to living lungfish. Advanced forms transitional between fish and the early labyrinthodonts, such as Tiktaalik, have been referred to as "fishapods" by their discoverers, being half-fish, half-tetrapods, in appearance and limb morphology. The Tetrapodomorpha contains the crown group tetrapods (the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants) and several groups of early stem tetrapods, and several groups of related lobe-finned fishes, collectively known as the osteolepiforms. The Tetrapodamorpha minus the crown group Tetrapoda are the Stem Tetrapoda, a paraphyletic unit encompassing the fish to tetrapod transition.

Among the characters defining tetrapodomorphs are modifications to the fins, notably a humerus with convex head articulating with the glenoid fossa (the socket of the shoulder joint). Another key trait is the internal nostril or choana. Most fish have two pairs of nostrils, one on either side of the head for incoming water (incurrent nostrils) and another pair for outgoing water (excurrent nostrils). Early tetrapodomorphs such as Kenichthys had excurrent nostrils that had migrated to the edge of the mouth. In later tetrapodomorphs, including tetrapods, the excurrent nostril is positioned inside the mouth, where it is known as the choana.^[2]

Tetrapodomorph fossils are known from the early Devonian onwards, and include Osteolepis, Panderichthys, Kenichthys and Tungsenia.^[3]

Classification

In Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish.

Taxonomy

After Benton, 2004 [1]:

Subclass Sarcopterygii
- Infraclass Tetrapodomorpha
  - - Order Rhizodontida
  - Superorder Osteolepidida (or Osteolepiformes)
    - Order Osteolepiformes
      - Family Tristichopteridae
    - Order Panderichthyida

Relationships

Cladogram from Swartz, 2012:^[5]

Tetrapodomorpha

	Koharalepis

	Beelarongia

	Medoevia

	Megalichthyidae

	Mandageria

	Eusthenodon

Tinirau

	Tiktaalik

	Elpistostege

	Baphetidae

	Tetrapoda

References

^ Zhu Min; Schultze, Hans-Peter (11 September 2002). Per Erik Ahlberg (ed.). Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution (PDF). CRC Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-203-46803-6. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Clack, Jennifer A. (2012). Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods. Indiana University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-253-35675-X. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
^ Jing Lu, Min Zhu, John A. Long, Wenjin Zhao, Tim J. Senden, Liantao Jia and Tuo Qiao (2012). "The earliest known stem-tetrapod from the Lower Devonian of China". Nature Communications. 3: 1160. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3E1160L. doi:10.1038/ncomms2170. PMID 23093197.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Friedman, Matt; Brazeau, Martin D. (7 February 2011). "Sequences, stratigraphy and scenarios: what can we say about the fossil record of the earliest tetrapods?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1704): 432–439. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1321. PMID 20739322. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014.
^ Swartz, B. (2012). "A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America". PLoS ONE. 7 (3): e33683. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Mikko Haaramo. "Tetrapodomorpha - Terrestrial vertebrate-like sarcopterygians". Retrieved 6 April 2006.
P. E. Ahlberg and Z. Johanson (1998). "Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods". Nature. 395 (6704): 792–794. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..792A. doi:10.1038/27421.
Michel Laurin, Marc Girondot and Armand de Ricqlès (2000). "Early tetrapod evolution" (PDF). TREE. 15 (3).

This fish-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[Ahlberg2002-1] Zhu Min; Schultze, Hans-Peter (11 September 2002). Per Erik Ahlberg (ed.). Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution (PDF). CRC Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-203-46803-6. Retrieved 5 August 2015.

[Clack2012-2] Clack, Jennifer A. (2012). Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods. Indiana University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-253-35675-X. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

[3] Jing Lu, Min Zhu, John A. Long, Wenjin Zhao, Tim J. Senden, Liantao Jia and Tuo Qiao (2012). "The earliest known stem-tetrapod from the Lower Devonian of China". Nature Communications. 3: 1160. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3E1160L. doi:10.1038/ncomms2170. PMID 23093197.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Friedman_Brazeau_2011-4] Friedman, Matt; Brazeau, Martin D. (7 February 2011). "Sequences, stratigraphy and scenarios: what can we say about the fossil record of the earliest tetrapods?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1704): 432–439. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1321. PMID 20739322. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014.

[SB12-5] Swartz, B. (2012). "A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America". PLoS ONE. 7 (3): e33683. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]