Tharros
39°52′24″N 8°26′23″E / 39.8733°N 8.43972°E
 View of Corinthian columns at Tharros | |
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| Type | Settlement |
|---|---|
| History | |
| Founded | Eighth century BCE |
| Cultures | Nuragic civilization, Punic civilization, Roman civilization |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruined |
| Management | I Beni Culturali della Sardegna |
| Public access | Yes |
| Website | Cabras, area di Tharros Template:It icon |
Tharros (also spelled Tharras, Archaic Greek: Θάρρας, Hellenistic Greek, Tarras or Tarrae, Τάρραι) was an ancient city and former bishopric on the west coast of Sardinia, Italy.
It is currently a Latin Catholic titular see and an archaeological site near the village of San Giovanni di Sinis, municipality of Cabras, in the Province of Oristano. It is located on the southern shore of the Sinis peninsula, which forms the northern cape of the Bay of Oristano, by the cape of San Marco. Tharros, mentioned by Ptolemy and in the Itineraries, seems to have been one of the most important places on the island.
History
Foundation
Until some years ago, the archaeological findings in the area of Tharros supported the theory that Phoenicians founded the town in eighth century BC. The probability of this was reduced by the finding of some parts of the old settlement in the Mistras Lagoon. A submerged 100 m wall seems to be part of a port structure much older than the Phoenician one, since in 1200 BC sea level rose, swallowing the existing buildings.[1] A previous nuragic settlement apparently existed there in the Bronze Age, as the nuragic presence near the tophet area seems to suggest.[2][3]
Thopeth
Archaeologists found a tophet, an open-air sacred place common for several installations of Phoenicians in the western Mediterranean, on top of a hill called Su Muru Mannu near the remains of a village built by the nuragic peoples (1900-730 BC[4]). This is seen as a first sign of colonization and urbanization.
Later history
Excavations showed that from the 8th century BC its abandonment in the 10th century Tharros was inhabited, first by Phoenicians, then by Punics and then by Romans. The town was the capital of the medieval Giudicato of Arborea, a Roman/Byzantine relict state from the 9th century until 1070 when Orzocorre I of Arborea relocated to Oristano under pressure of Saracen raiders. The town was effectively abandoned at this time or shortly thereafter. The site was then used for centuries as a quarry. An inscription records the repair of the road from Tharras to Cornus as late as the reign of Roman emperor Philip.[5] The Antonine Itinerary correctly places it 18 miles from Cornus and 12 from Othoca (modern Santa Giusta near Oristano).[6] However, its history during most of the period of Roman domination or early Christianity is unknown.
Diocese
Residential (arch)diocese
The Diocese of Tharros was established around the year 400, its only presumably historically recorded bishop being Johannes circa 500. It was renamed as the Diocese of Sinis-Tharros in 700. In 800 it gained territory from the suppressed Diocese of Cornus.
From 1000 it was promoted the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sinis-Tharros, apparently to match the prestige of the Giudice (feudal temporal governor) of Arborea, which had taken residence there, with two suffragan sees: Diocese of Santa Giusta and Diocese of Terralba and Uselli. In 1070 it lost territory to establish the Diocese of Bosa.
It was formally suppressed in 1093, its territory being reassigned to establish of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Oristano, where its seat had been established in 1070 following the depopulation of the city thereto.
Titular see
In 1755 the diocese was nominally restored as Latin titular bishopric, bearing the name of Sinita until it was renamed Sinis in 1793. Its incumbents were/are of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank, with an Archiepiscopal exception (title Tharros).[7]
- Titular bishops of Sinita/Sinis
- James Grant (1755.02.21 – 1778.12.03)
- Giacomo Luigi Fontana (馮), M.E.P. (1817.05.24 – 1838.07.11)
- Eugène-Jean-Claude-Joseph Desflèches (范若瑟), M.E.P. (1842.05.29 – 1883.02.20), (later Archbishop)
- Bernardo Caetani d’Aragona (1883.08.09 – 1889.04.27)
- Philippe-Prosper Augouard, C.S.Sp. (1890.10.14 – 1915.11.30), (later Archbishop)
- Hermann Joseph (Thomas) Esser, O.P. (1917.06.18 – 1926.03.13)
- It was suppressed in 1885.
In 1970 it was once again nominally restored, but now as the Titular bishopric of Tharros. [7]
- Titular bishops of Tharros
- Titular Archbishop: Giuseppe Uhac (1970.06.23 – 1998.01.18)
- Antal Spányi (1998.02.13 – 2003.04.04)
- Wenceslao Selga Padilla, C.I.C.M. (2003.08.02 – ...), as Apostolic Prefect of Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) (2003.08.02 – ...).
Site
- TO BE ELABORATED FROM THE ITALIAN WIKI
The area is now an open-air museum with active excavation sites. Among the interesting structures are the tophet, the bath installations, the temple foundations and an area with houses and artisan workshops.
Most of the artifacts can be found in the Archaeological Museum at Cagliari, in the Antiquarium Arborense, the Archaeological Museum of the town of Cabras and in the British Museum, London.[8]
See also
Sources and bibliography
- Acquaro, E.; C. Finzi (1986). Tharros. Sassari.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Osborne R. and B. Cunliffe, ed. (2005). Mediterranean Urbanization 800-600 BC. New York.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - GCatholic - former and titular (arch)bishopric
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica 1911: "Tharros"
- On the prehistory and history of Sardinia, Tharros
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)
References
- ^ Antonioli, Fabrizio; Orrù, Paolo; Porqueddu, Alessandro and Solinas, Emanuela, "Variazioni del livello marino in Sardegna durante gli ultimi millenni sulla base di indicatori geo-archeologici costieri." In L'Africa romana: trasformazione dei paesaggi del potere nell'Africa settentrionale fino alla fine del mondo antico: atti del 19. Convegno di studio, 16-19 dicembre 2010, Sassari, Italia. p. 2963-2971. Carocci editore, Rome: 2012.
- ^ Zucca, Raimondo "Bronzi nuragici da Tharros" In La Sardegna nel Mediterraneo tra il secondo e il primomillennio a.C.: atti del II Convegno di Studi "Un millennio di relazioni fra la Sardegna ei Paesi del Mediterraneo", 27-30 novembre 1986, Selargius-Cagliari, Italia. p. 117-132. Cagliari: 1987.
- ^ Zucca, Raimondo (2011). Tharros, Othoca e Neapolis. Porti e approdi antichi in Sardegna. Oristano. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ Depalmas, A. and R. T. Melis, "The Nuragic People: their settlements, economic activities and use of the land, Sardinia, Italy." In Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases, Eds. Martini, I. P. and W. Chesworth. Springer Science+Business Media, New York: 2010.
- ^ De la Marmora, Voy. en Sardaigne, vol. ii. pp. 359, 477.
- ^ Itin. Ant. p. 84; Ptol. iii. 3. § 2.
- ^ a b "Titular Episcopal See of Tharros". GCatholic.org. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- ^ British Museum Collection
