The Man-eaters of Tsavo
 | |
| Author | John Henry Patterson |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Macmillan and Co., Limited |
Publication date | 1907 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | |
The Man-eaters of Tsavo is a book written by John Henry Patterson in 1907 that recounts his experiences while overseeing the construction of a railroad bridge in what would become Kenya. It is most widely known for recounting the story of a pair of lions that he killed, known as the Tsavo maneaters.
Overview
Following the death of the lions, the book tells of the bridge's completion in spite of additional challenges (such as a fierce flood) as well as many stories concerning local wildlife (including other lions), local tribes, the discovery of the maneaters' cave, and various hunting expeditions.
An appendix contains advice to sportsmen visiting British East Africa. The book also includes photographs taken by Patterson at the time which include the railway construction; the workers; local tribes; scenery and wildlife; and the man-eaters.
Several publications about and studies of the man-eating lions of Tsavo have been inspired by Patterson's account. The book has been adapted to film three times: a monochrome, British film of the 1950s, a 1952 3-D film titled Bwana Devil, and a 1996 color version called The Ghost and the Darkness, where Val Kilmer played the daring engineer who hunts down the lions of Tsavo.
Historicity of the account of the man-eaters
The book is written in a Victorian, period style that may appear today as overwritten. However, the editor's note to the reprint claims that the facts suggest that some aspects were actually downplayed, such as the death of Haslem, about which more and grisly facts are known.[1] The book describes attacks by man-eating lions on the builders of the Uganda Railway in Tsavo, Kenya in 1898 and how the lions were eventually killed by Patterson. It was remarkable that 135 people were killed by the man-eaters in less than a year before Patterson managed to kill them (although this number is contested (but not disproven)[2])
Col. Patterson's 1907 book itself states that "between them (the lions) no less than 28 Indian coolies, in addition to scores of unfortunate African natives of whom no official record was kept" were killed. This lesser number was confirmed in Dr. Bruce Patterson's definitive book The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters published by McGraw-Hill in 2004. Patterson wrote the book at the Field Museum in Chicago, where the lions are on display. He showed that the greater toll attributed to the lions resulted from a pamphlet written by Col. Patterson in 1925, stating "these two ferocious brutes killed and devoured, under the most appalling circumstances, 135 Indian and African artisans and laborers employed in the construction of the Uganda Railway."[3]
The skins of the lions may be found at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago.
Setting
The book is set in East Africa. The nearest large city to the man-eater attacks is Mombasa, the largest city then and second largest city now in Kenya. The Tsavo man-eater attacks occurred while working on the Uganda Railway. The railway reached Lake Victoria at Port Florence, now Kisumu, which at that time was in Uganda territory. It was separate from railway developments elsewhere in East Africa, for instance in Germnan-run Tanganyika.
The railway project was controversial and the British Press referred to it as "The Lunatic Express",[4] as critics considered it a waste of funds, while supporters argued it was necessary for transportation of goods.
Plot
Colonel John Patterson is to build a bridge in East Africa (later Kenya). While he is working on this, two man-eating lions show up. They will stop at nothing for a bite of human flesh and the first attempts to stalk, capture or keep them out of the camp fail. They attack the camp hospital and kill a patient. Even after the hospital is moved, one lion penetrates the thick, thorn fence called a boma built to protect it and drags the water carrier away to his death. In the course of hunting these lions, Patterson encounters a red spitting cobra, a rhinoceros, a hippopotamus, a pack of wild dogs, a wildebeest that faked dying, and a herd of zebra, of which he captured six. He also shoots a new type of antelope, T. oryx pattersonianus. Eventually, the first lion is defeated by baiting it with a tethered goat while Patterson keeps watch from an elevated stand – though for a few tense moments Patterson himself becomes the hunted. Patterson and Mahina hunt the second lion on the plains. When they find and shoot it, the lion charges them and it takes repeated shots to bring it down.
The lions are not the only challenge to completing the bridge project. Tensions between native workers and Sikhs brought in from British East India to work on the project (coolies) threaten to stop the project. At one point, Patterson meets a danger far greater than the lions – a fierce flood. It wipes out the supply bridges and wraps iron girders around tree trunks like wire. Uprooted tree trunks act like battering rams trying to annihilate the bridge. But the well-built bridge stays intact. This challenge proves that the year spent working on the bridge has not been wasted.
After Patterson completes the bridge, he learns that a lion has been trying to destroy the train station. When he goes to see, he finds big bloodstains where the lion was trying to slash the roof. There were 3 men in one compartment and an uncertain number of coolies in another. Two of the men had been sleeping on the floor when the lion gained entrance. The lion was on one of the men while trying to attack another. The third man, in an effort to get to the other section, which the coolies had been holding shut with their turbans, leapt on to the lion's back, and tried desperately to get through. The coolies opened the door just wide enough for him to get through, and then tied it shut again. As for the other men, one got carried off and eaten by the lion, while the other man lay very still, probably saving his own life. Hearing this, Patterson decides to go after this lion, eventually finding it and slaughtering it.
Another close encounter with a lion occurs when a lion is aboard a gharri, a means of transportation in Kenya similar to a small trolley. Another time, on the way back to the train station, Patterson converses with a friend who has never shot a lion. A couple of hundred yards away, Patterson points out a pair of lions and encourages the friend to shoot them. One runs off at the first shot, but he successfully bags the other lion. The end of the book includes a photo of the lion that the friend killed.
When the time comes for Patterson to leave, some of the coolies and the natives want to go with him. However, Patterson knows that they do not have the immune defense system to combat the diseases outside of Africa. So he politely says no and leaves Africa for some years. (He later returns to Africa, but this part of his life is not recorded in this book.)
Characters
The lions
Man Eater 1 (the Ghost) is 9'9" long, and 3'9" high
Man Eater 2 (the Darkness) is 9'6" long and 3'11"high.
Cast
John Patterson is the author and main character in the book. At that time, he was a Lieutenant Colonel in the British army trained as an engineer. He was also an experienced big-game hunter. Others include the following—
Mr. Anderson, superintendent of the railroad
Dr. McCulloch, medical person in charge
Dr. John Alexander ('Ian') Rose is a medical officer and friend of Patterson
Dr. Brock, friend and fellow hunter
"Coolies" was the term used for Indian laborers brought in from British India to work on the railroad. Many stayed in East Africa after the completion of the project.
Heera Sing, a worker who nearly gets smashed by a falling rock
Purshotam Huree, overseer of the building of the railroad.
Karim Bux, a troublemaker whose scheme is exposed by Patterson.
Mr. Whitehead, District Officer, mauled by the lions.
Mr. Crawford is the British Consul.
Mr. Dalgairms, inspector who nearly gets mauled by a lion.
Abdullah, Mr. Whitehead's sergeant of askaris, killed by the lions.
Mr. Farquhar, member of a hunting party.
Mahina, Patterson's gun-boy.
Mabruki, the camp cook
Moota, Muslim hunting assistant.
Mrs. O'Hara, whose husband is killed.
Roshan Khan, an assistant.
Spooner, Patterson's great friend.
Imam Din, Spooner's plucky servant.
Bhoota, a servant.
Landaalu, a native guide.
Cultural Influence
Several media projects and studies of the man-eating lions of Tsavo have been inspired by Patterson's account.
References
- ^ Patterson, J.H., The Man-Eaters of Tsavo, 1986, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-51010-1, editor's note to the reprint edition.
- ^ Gnoske, Thomas and Julian Kerbis Peterhans (2003). "Field Museum uncovers evidence behind man-eating; revises legend of its infamous man-eating lions". Journal of East African Natural History.
- ^ The man-eating lions of Tsavo. Zoology: Leaflet 7, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
- ^ Mathenge, Gakuu (October 23, 2005). "A new dawn for the Lunatic Express". Daily Nation. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
External links
- The Man Eaters of Tsavo (Online Text)
- The Man-Eaters of Tsavo, and Other East African Adventures at Project Gutenberg
- The Man-Eaters of Tsavo and Other East African Adventures at the Internet Archive
The Man-Eaters of Tsavo public domain audiobook at LibriVox- National Geographic Story of the Tsavo Lions by Phillip and Robert Caputo, with extra photos, maps, and information
- Photo Journal of 2005 Lion Research Trip to Kenya by Carl Palazzolo, DVM, and Dr. Bruce Patterson
- Science Daily, 3 November, 2009: "Notorious 'Man-Eating' Lions of Tsavo Likely Ate About 35 People—Not 135, Scientists Say" abstract of National Academy of Sciences article)
