Timeline of Samarkand
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
Prior to 14th century
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- 329 BCE - City sacked by Alexander the Great.[1]
- 260 CE - Sassanians in power (approximate date).
- 712 - City taken by forces of Umayyad Caliphate under Qutayba ibn Muslim.[1]
- 751 - Papermaking begins.[2]
- 806 - Led by Rafi ibn al-Layth, Samarkand revolted against Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan, Governor of Khurasan due to his oppressive taxation.[3]
- 819 - Samanid rule of Samarkand begins. Nuh ibn Asad was appointed authority over the city of Samarkand by Caliph Al-Ma'mun's governor of Khurasan, Ghassan ibn 'Abbad, as a reward for his support against the revolt.[4]
- 841/842- After the death of Nuh ibn Asad, Abdallah, the governor of Khurasan, appointed two of Nuh's brothers, Yahya and Ahmad, to jointly rule over Samarkand.[4]
- 864/865 - Upon his father Ahmad's death, Nasr I inherits Samarkand.[4]
- 892 - Isma'il ibn Ahmad, Nasr's brother, moves the capital to Bukhara after Nasr's death.
- 914 - Nasr II becomes amir of the Samanids after his father Ahmad Samani dies, sparking a revolt in Samarkand, led by his great-uncle Ishaq ibn Ahmad.[4]
- 991 - Fa'iq is given governorship of Samarkand by Samanid amir Nuh II.[4]
- 999 - Isma'il Muntasir, son of Nuh II, briefly recaptures Samarkand from the Karakhanids before having to abandon it to flee from them, thus definitively ending the Samanid rule of Samarkand.[4]
- 1000 - Karakhanid Nasr ibn Ali, is given the large central area of Transoxiana, including Samarkand and Bukhara as an appanage (approximate date).
- 1052 - Tamghach Khan Ibrahim, son of Nasr, won control of a large part of Transoxania, and made Samarkand the capital.[5]
- 1066 - Afrosiab madrasa built by Ibrahim.[6]
- 1089 - During the reign of Ibrahim's grandson Ahmad ibn Khidr, at the request of the ulama of Transoxiana, the Seljuks entered and took control of Samarkand, together with the domains belonging to the Western Khanate. The Western Karakhanids Khanate became a vassal of the Seljuks.[5]
- 1141 - After Yelü Dashi's victory over the Seljuks in the Battle of Qatwan north of Samarkand, the Karakhanids became vassals of the Kara-Khitan Khanate. Yelü Dashi spent ninety days in Samarkand, accepting the loyalty of Muslim nobles and appointing Ibrahim Tabghach Khan as the new ruler of Samarkand.[7]
- 1158 - Khwarezm-shah Il-Arslan besieged the Karakhanids in Samarkand at the behest of the Qarluks who had been persecuted by them. In the end a peace was mediated where Chaghrï Khan was forced to take back the Qarluk leaders and restore them to their former positions.[8]
- 1210 - Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire takes Samarkand.[5]
- 1212 - Supported by Uthman Ulugh Sultan, its last Kara-Khanid ruler, the city of Samarkand revolted, killing 8,000-10,000 Khwarezmians living there. Muhammad, in retaliation, sacked the city and executed 10,000 citizens of Samarkand, including Uthman.[9]
- 1221 - City besieged by forces of Mongol Genghis Khan.[1][10]
14th-19th centuries
- 1340s - Khodja-Akhmad Mausoleum built in Shah-i-Zinda necropolis.[citation needed]
- 1365 - Uprising against Mongol control.
- 1369
- City becomes capital of Timurid Empire.[1]
- Population: 150,000.[1]
- 1388 - College of Bibikhanum built.[1]
- 1405
- Bibi-Khanym Mosque[11] and Gur-e Amir (tomb) built.
- Timurid capital relocated from Samarkand to Herat (approximate date).[citation needed]
- 1420 - Ulugh Beg Madrasah built in the Registan.[11][12]
- 1429 - Ulugh Beg Observatory built.
- 1434 - Mosque of Ulug-Beg built in the Registan.[13]
- 1437 - Zij-i Sultani astronomical work published.
- 1464 - Ishrat Khana Tomb built.[11]
- 1494 - Siege of Samarkand (1494).
- 1497 - Siege of Samarkand (1497).
- 1501 - Siege of Samarkand (1501).
- 1505 - City taken by Uzbeks of Muhammad Shaybani.[citation needed]
- 1599 - Ashtarkhanids of Bukhara in power.[citation needed]
- 1616 - Mosque of Shir-Dar built in the Registan.[13]
- 1636 - Sher-Dor Madrasah built in the Registan.
- 1660 - Tilya-Kori Madrasah built in the Registan.[11]
- 1756 - Manghyts of Bukhara in power.[citation needed]
- 1868 - Russia in power.
- 1882 - Citadel built.[13]
- 1885 - Population: 33,117.[14]
- 1886 - City becomes capital of Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan.
- 1888 - Trans-Caspian railway begins operating.[15]
- 1895 - Tashkent-Samarkand railway begins operating.[15]
- 1897 - Population: 54,900.
- 1900 - Population: 58,194.[1]
20th century
- 1913 - Population: 97,600.[16]
- 1919 - Hazrat-i Khizr Mosque restored.[11]
- 1925 - City becomes capital of Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.
- 1930 - Uzbek capital relocated from Samarkand to Tashkent.
- 1963 - Dynamo Samarkand Stadium opens.
- 1965 - Population: 233,000.[17]
- 1970 - Ulugh Beg Observatory Museum built.[citation needed]
- 1974 - Bibi-Khanym Mosque reconstruction begins.
- 1985 - Population: 371,000 (estimate).[18]
- 1996 - Samarkand Challenger tennis tournament begins.
21st century
- 2001 - Population: 361,339.[19]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Britannica 1910.
- ^ Dard Hunter (1978). "Chronology". Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-23619-3.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Bosworth, C. E. (1995). "Rāfi' b. al-Layth b. Naṣr b. Sayyār". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 385–386. ISBN 90-04-09834-8.
- ^ a b c d e f Frye, R.N. (1975). "The Sāmānids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–161. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- ^ a b c Davidovich, E. A. (1998), "Chapter 6 The Karakhanids", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.), History of Civilisations of Central Asia, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO Publishing, pp. 119–144, ISBN 92-3-103467-7
- ^ "Samarkand" (PDF). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2000. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ Biran, Michael. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.44.
- ^ Biran, Michael. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- ^ Rafis Abazov, Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 43.
- ^ Henry Lansdell (1885). "Chronology of Russian Central Asia". Russian Central Asia. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington – via Hathi Trust.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e ArchNet.org. "Samarkand". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "A history of cities in 50 buildings", The Guardian, UK, 2015
- ^ a b c Baedeker 1914.
- ^ "Russia: Principal Towns". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1890.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Railway News. UK. 16 December 1905.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Russia: Principal Towns: Central Asia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
Bibliography
- Published in 19th century
- Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Samarcand", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Description of Bokhara and Samarkand". Oriental Herald. London. February 1824.
- "Alexander Lehmann's Reise nach Buchara und Samarkand in den Jahren 1841 und 1842". Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens (in German). 17. St. Petersburg: Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1852.
- Marco Polo (1871), "Of the Great City of Samarcan", in Henry Yule (ed.), The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, London: John Murray
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|chapterurl=(help) - Eugene Schuyler (1877), "Samarkand", Turkistan, New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co.
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - John Mowbray Trotter (1882). "Samarkand". Western Turkestan. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Edward Balfour (1885), "Samarcand", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Henry Lansdell (1885). "(Samarkand)". Russian Central Asia. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Francis Henry Skrine; Edward Denison Ross (1899), "Samarkand", The Heart of Asia: a history of Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian khanates from the earliest times, London: Methuen & Co., OCLC 3797240
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
- Published in 20th century
- Michael Myers Shoemaker (1904), "Samarkand", The heart of the Orient: saunterings through Georgia, Armenia, Persia, Turkomania, and Turkestan, to the vale of Paradise, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Samarkand", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 – via Internet Archive
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - William Eleroy Curtis (1911), "Samarkand", Turkestan, New York: Hodder & Stoughton
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - E.G. Kemp (1911), "Samarkand", The Face of Manchuria, Korea, Russian Turkestan, New York: Duffield
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Samarkand", Russia, Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1914, OCLC 1328163
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Schellinger and Salkin, ed. (1996). "Samarkand". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. UK: Routledge. ISBN 9781884964046.
- Published in 21st century
- "Samarkand". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.
External links
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