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Arroyo Trabuco

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Trabuco Creek (known also as Arroyo Trabuco[1]) is a 22-mile (35 km)-long stream in coastal southern California in the United States.[2] Rising in a rugged canyon in the Santa Ana Mountains of Orange County, the creek flows west and southwest before emptying into San Juan Creek in the city of San Juan Capistrano. Trabuco Creek's watershed drains 54 square miles (140 km2) of hilly, semi-arid land and lies mostly in Orange County, with a small portion extending northward into Riverside County. The lower section of the creek flows through three incorporated cities and is moderately polluted by urban and agricultural runoff.

Tongva and Luiseño Native American people lived along the perennial stream in settlements and hunting camps for 8,000 years before the invasion of Spanish colonization.[3] Trabuco is Spanish for a Blunderbuss, a type of shotgun. Local legend attributes a Franciscan missionary friar traveling with the Gaspar de Portolà Expedition in 1769 for the story that a blunderbuss was lost in the upper canyon by the creek, and so the naming of the area. John "Don Juan" Forster received a Mexican land grant in 1846 for the canyon lands and creek and established Rancho Trabuco here.

In its natural state, Trabuco Creek supported one of the most significant steelhead trout runs in Orange County, and birds, large mammals, and amphibians still flourish in riparian zones along its undeveloped portions. Trabuco Canyon along upper Trabuco Creek, and long, narrow O'Neill Regional Park, formed from the original land grant of Rancho Trabuco in 1982, are popular off-roading, hiking, fishing and camping areas in the watershed.

Course

Trabuco Creek begins in the Trabuco Ranger District of the Cleveland National Forest, just west of the Orange–Riverside County border, at an elevation of 4,310 feet (1,310 m).[4] The headwaters of the creek are in the large and deep Trabuco Canyon just north of 4,400-foot (1,300 m) Los Pinos Peak and south of 4,604-foot (1,403 m) Trabuco Peak. The creek flows in this 2,000-foot (610 m) deep gorge for its first 4 miles (6.4 km),[5] receiving Holy Jim and Falls Canyon creeks before it passes the unincorporated community of Trabuco Canyon, where Live Oak Canyon Creek joins from the right.[5][6]

Trabuco Creek crosses underneath Interstate 5 in a culvert. Note that at first, there was only one culvert. Due to increasing flood control requirements, there are now two.

Once out of the mountains, Trabuco Creek changes from a swift mountain torrent to a meandering, braided stream crossing a wide sandy bed known as the "Plano Trabuco".[5] After entering the city limits of Rancho Santa Margarita, the creek flows southwest through the long, narrow wilderness preserve of O'Neill Regional Park. It crosses under California State Route 241, a toll road that follows the western foothills of the Santa Ana Mountains, and passes close to Lake Mission Viejo, a popular recreational lake in the city of Mission Viejo.[6][7]

Still steadily bending southwards, Trabuco Creek is joined by Tijeras Canyon Creek from the left bank, then passes under a high bridge for Oso Parkway and leaves the southern boundary of the regional park.[7] After passing Saddleback College, located near the southern junction of California State Route 73 and Interstate 5, the creek flows through a residential community and is diverted into twin culverts underneath the interstate.[6][8]

The creek flows over two large man-made drop structures, the first of which marks the beginning of a small canyon that it flows through almost until it reaches downtown San Juan Capistrano.[9] Passing into the northernmost extreme of San Juan Capistrano, it is joined by its largest tributary, Oso Creek, from the right. The creek flows south through orchards until it is forced into a concrete channel, passes by Mission San Juan Capistrano, and joins with San Juan Creek in downtown San Juan Capistrano.[6][10]

Discharge

On Trabuco Creek, the USGS operated two stream gauges, one from 1932–1981, and the second from 1973–2008, both near its mouth. The USGS refers to this creek as "Arroyo Trabuco". For the former gauge, the average flow was 6.22 cubic feet per second (0.176 m3/s) or 4,500 acre-feet (5,600,000 m3) per year, and the highest recorded flow was on February 6, 1937, water flow 9,240 cubic feet per second (262 m3/s), with a stage of 6.8 feet (2.1 m).[11] For the latter gauge, the average discharge was 17.4 cubic feet per second (0.49 m3/s), 12,600 acre-feet (15,500,000 m3) per year. The largest flow was 10,000 cubic feet per second (280 m3/s) (estimated) on 23 February 1998, with a peak stage of 19.81 feet (6.04 m). The USGS states that "All or part of the record affected by Urbanization, Mining, Agricultural changes, Channelization, or other", explaining the large discrepancy in average flows between early and more recent records.[12] Above their confluence, Trabuco Creek actually is longer and has a greater flow than San Juan Creek, but San Juan Creek drains a larger area.

Watershed

Geography and boundaries

An artificial concrete waterfall on Trabuco Creek, downstream of the Metrolink rail bridge and upstream of the Oso Creek confluence

The Trabuco Creek watershed covers 54 square miles (140 km2) in the northern and far eastern parts of the San Juan Creek watershed. Located in an arid coastal basin in southern Orange County, the creek's watershed comprises 40.3% of the 133.9-square-mile (347 km2) San Juan Creek watershed. It makes a wide bend from northeast to southwest, bounded by the Santa Ana Mountains to the north, the foothills of the Santa Anas to the west, and a drainage divide within the San Juan watershed itself on the south and east.[6]

Although much of the Trabuco Creek watershed is bounded by the San Juan Creek basin it also borders on several other major Orange and Riverside County watersheds. Listed from east to west, the major San Juan Creek subwatersheds it bounds are Bell Canyon, Cañada Gobernadora, Cañada Chiquita and El Horno Creek. Trabuco Creek's headwaters are actually not physically far from that of Bell Canyon and San Juan Creek, the first of which is the second longest tributary of San Juan Creek. On the west of the Trabuco Creek watershed is the Aliso Creek drainage basin, on the north the Santiago Creek, and on the northeast streams draining into the Lake Elsinore area.[13]

There are between 140,000 and 145,000 people living in the major cities in the Trabuco Creek watershed.[14] This is similar to the population in the Aliso Creek watershed in the north, but in reality the population density of the Trabuco Creek watershed is much lower than that of most Orange County streams like Aliso Creek. (San Juan Creek, excluding Trabuco Creek, is even less urbanized.) The population density of the Trabuco Creek watershed is 2,639 people per square mile, while that of Aliso Creek is 4,904 people per square mile.

Geology

Geologically the present-day Trabuco Creek basin did not exist as early as the end of the most recent Ice Age. The Santa Ana Mountains, forming the northern, eastern and southeastern boundaries of the entire San Juan Creek watershed, did not begin to form until roughly 5.5 million years ago (MYA). The Santa Ana Mountains at the headwaters of San Juan Creek are composed primarily of Jurassic-age (196.6-145.5 MYA) igneous and sedimentary rock overlain by Cretaceous-age (145.5-66 MYA) granite, gabbro, tolamite, siltstone, sandstone and conglomerates. The underlying rock of the Santa Ana foothills are Paleogene-age (66-2.59 MYA) sandstone.[15]

As the Santa Ana Mountains rose, Trabuco Creek first formed as a canyon cut into the southeastern part of the range. Many of the creeks draining the range—including Santiago Creek, San Diego Creek, Bell Canyon and San Juan Creek—first formed in the same way. The uplift of the San Joaquin Hills, a coastal mountain range generally following the Pacific coast of Orange County, created a physical barrier for these streams flowing off the Santa Ana Mountains. But by the Wisconsinian Glaciation, an enormous climate change helped solve that problem. During the Wisconsinian Glaciation, a period of time that lasted from about 70,000 to 10,000 years ago, glaciers and ice sheets moved south from northern Canada into the northern United States, radically altering the climate of the entire continent. The arid Southern California climate was supplanted by a temperate rainforest climate that would receive rainfall in excess of 80 to 90 inches (2,000 to 2,300 mm) per year. Trabuco Creek and other streams along the Orange County coast became powerful rivers that cut their way through the San Joaquin Hills.[16]

This changed climate did not last, and by the time it had ended, several enormous canyons had been cut through the 600-to-1,000-foot (180 to 300 m) high San Joaquin Hills. The Trabuco/San Juan Creek canyon is one of the less prominent ones, and is the last canyon before the San Joaquin Hills continue south into San Diego County. Because of the enormous erosion channels carved out by the Wisconsinian-era rivers, the creeks now flow on broad and deep beds of sediment that have filled these canyons.[16]

Pollution and modifications

Trabuco Creek filled with urban runoff after a storm

The Trabuco Creek watershed, especially the Oso Creek subwatershed, has been severely affected by suburban development. Lower riparian areas along the creek have been damaged by channelization and contaminated runoff from the creek contributes to pollution problems in Capistrano Bight at the mouth of San Juan Creek at Dana Point. Such pollutants include urban runoff, fertilizers, heavy metals and oils.[17][18]

There is one dam on Trabuco Creek, located inside Trabuco Canyon.[19] There are also many drop structures on the lower creek.[20]

Climate and biology

Further information: Wildlife of San Juan Creek

The climate of the Trabuco Creek watershed is almost entirely semi-arid. Scrubland and chaparral make up most of the vegetation in the hilly and sometimes mountainous Trabuco Creek basin. 16 different vegetation "bands", or zones, have been identified in the San Juan Creek watershed as a whole, and most of these also exist in the Trabuco Creek watershed.[21] These range from riparian to chaparral, coastal sage scrub and rocky outcroppings where little to no vegetation grows. In the undeveloped Plano Trabuco, there are grasslands, and most of the lower Trabuco Creek Valley is urbanized.

Newt in Holy Jim Canyon, a tributary gorge of Trabuco Creek

Riparian zones, consisting of small to medium-sized trees and a variety of other streambank flora, line Trabuco Creek, Tijeras Canyon Creek, and the upper tributaries including Live Oak Canyon, Falls Canyon and Holy Jim Canyon. These riparian habitats are now only found in the upper watershed. Oso Creek is heavily developed, and has little to no riparian vegetation.[22] Lower Trabuco Creek still supports some riparian zones, but they have decreased in health because of the introduction of urban and agricultural runoff.

Aside from the large mammals including mountain lions, coyotes, and bobcats (the last California grizzly bear in the Santa Ana Mountains was shot near Trabuco Canyon) the creek was once a productive habitat for steelhead trout.[23] Its upper portions, which include numerous gravel beds and bars, stream pools, and cascades, are suitable habitat for the anadromous fish, which still exist as rainbow trout in upper Trabuco Creek. Because of extensive modifications—affecting the stability and water quality of the creek—steelhead no longer migrate to the upper reaches of the Trabuco Creek watershed. Conversely, steelhead were sighted in 2003 and 2005 along the creek. A project was proposed in 2005 to build a fish ladder into a concrete drop structure in Trabuco Creek that blocks steelhead passage. $1.2 million was allocated by the California State Wildlife Conservation Board in 2005 to fund the project, but it has not been begun.[24]

Flora

See also: California chaparral and woodlands

The canyon is in the California chaparral and woodlands Ecoregion, with California oak woodland and Chaparral plant communities of California native plants, with invasive plant species of Noxious weeds in the riparian and 'bunch grass' grasslands.

History

It is hypothesized that Hokan-speaking Native Americans of Shoshone origin occupied a 12-mile (19 km)-long, 8-mile (13 km)-wide strip of land along much of central Trabuco Creek and most of Oso Creek, its major tributary, beginning at an unknown date.[25] The Shoshoneans centered around the Trabuco/Oso Creek confluence and had a primarily hunter-gatherer way of life.[25] Eventually, the people in the Southern Orange County/Northern San Diego County area settled down in semi-permanent villages, and this area became part of the Acjachemen tribal territory. There were two Acjachemen villages on the main stem of the Trabuco and one on Oso Creek, as well as numerous settlements at the confluence of San Juan and Trabuco Creeks all the way downstream to the Pacific.[26] This was the historic landscape encountered by the Spanish conquistadors when they began expeditions to the area in the 18th century.[27]

In 1769 Gaspar de Portolà led an expedition to the canyons of the Santa Ana Mountains. They camped on a bluff east of Trabuco Creek on the night of July 24–25, and the next day, one of the soldiers found his trabuco, or blunderbuss (the type of gun), missing. The expedition never found the gun, and they named the creek Arroyo Trabuco as a memorial.[28] Mission San Juan Capistrano was established in 1776 at the confluence of San Juan and Trabuco creeks.

Rancho Trabuco was a Mexican land grant that covered most of the upper Trabuco Creek watershed. Created in 1841, its boundaries were changed in both 1843 and 1846. In 1880, the land was sold to F.L.S. Pioche and the final owners were James L. Flood and Jerome O'Neill, who created the O'Neill Ranch out of the Rancho Trabuco. The name stayed and most of the ranch is now the site of O'Neill Regional Park, which was dedicated on October 5, 1982.[29]

See also

Works cited

  • "San Juan Creek Watershed Management Study: Feasibility Phase" (PDF). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. August 2002. Retrieved 2009-06-14.

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference GNIS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Trabuco Creek
  3. ^ Associated Press. Prehistoric milling site found in California. USA Today. Accessed 2010-05-22.
  4. ^ USACE, pp. 2–51
  5. ^ a b c USACE, pp. 2–52
  6. ^ a b c d e "San Juan Creek Watershed Elevation and Water Use". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  7. ^ a b USACE, p. 2-53
  8. ^ USACE, p. 2-54
  9. ^ USACE, p. 2-55
  10. ^ USACE, p. 2.56
  11. ^ "Arroyo Trabuco (near San Juan Capistrano)". United States Geological Survey. National Water Information System. 1932–1981. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  12. ^ "Arroyo Trabuco (At San Juan Capistrano)". United States Geological Survey. National Water Information System. 1973–2008. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  13. ^ "Introduction to Watersheds of Orange County, California". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  14. ^ Calculated by adding populations of the major cities in the watershed based on the percentage they lie within the watershed
  15. ^ "Santa Ana River Watershed Geology". Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority. www.sawpa.org. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  16. ^ a b Colburn, Ivan P. "The Role of Antecedent Rivers in Shaping the Orange/Los Angeles Coastal Plain" (PDF). California State University Los Angeles, Department of Geology. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  17. ^ "San Juan Hydrologic Unit Profile". Southern California Wetlands Recovery Project. wrpinfo.scc.ca.gov. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  18. ^ Moore, Douglas; Ferguson, Donna; Gonzalez, Elizabeth J. (24 December 2002). "San Juan Creek Watershed Bacterial Study: FInal Report" (PDF). Orange County Public Health Laboratory. www.ocwatershed.com. Retrieved 2009-06-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ "Appendix F: Spring and Fall 2006 Field Survey Photographs" (PDF). Trout Unlimited. www.tu.org. 30 April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Channel Grade Control Structure Inventory: Trabuco Creek Channel". Orange County Flood Control Division. www.ocflood.com. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  21. ^ USACE, p. 4-6
  22. ^ USACE, p. 2-58
  23. ^ "San Juan Creek Watershed" (PDF). Trout Unlimited. www.tu.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Brennan, Pat (November 18, 2005). "Trabuco Creek work to help trout spawn". OC Register. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
  25. ^ a b Koerper, Henry C.; Mason, Roger D. "The Late Prehistoric Coastal Orange County Hokan Hypothesis: A Commentary". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 24: 259–288. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  26. ^ O'Neil, Stephen; Evans, Nancy H. (1980). "Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology (2). {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  27. ^ "Juaneño". Four Directions Institute. www.fourdir.com. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  28. ^ Whiting, David (April 14, 2009). "O'Neill leaves legacy of wilderness, healing". OC Register. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  29. ^ "O'Neill Regional Park History". OC Parks. www.ocparks.com. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
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