User:17lpratt/sandbox

Response to Peer Review: [Corrinfish]

• Suggestion to add another subtitle to further break up the article [social stigmas and violence for transgender prostitutes]
  • I think I would like to keep it with the one subtitle--I originally picked the subtitle "Social Stigmas: Transgender Sex Workers" as it fits under the umbrella title of "Contributing factors" that was originally part of the article. I believe that these social stigmas toward trans women [especially those of color] contributes to the violence they face, which is why I depicted it through two paragraphs. The first paragraph acts to describe the social stigmas that push trans women into sex works, and keeps them there at times. The second paragraph then describes how this transphobia continues into sex work and intensifies the violence that they face as compared to cisgender sex workers. In the review, they mention that the subtitles were just a brief suggestion, as they could still follow the structure and content without them.
• The only other suggestion was just in regard to there being no added media--this was not specifically mentioned by the reviewer, but I believe it may be helpful to include a picture on trans sex workers. However, I was hesitant on including this as there are already a decent amount of pictures in this article and I would have to find one relevant to both trans women and sex work. I haven't yet decided if I will include a picture with my edits, but I am considering it as I finish up my draft.

Copied from Violence against prostitutes:

Contributing factors

Studies have shown that younger prostitutes tend to experience more client violence than their older colleagues. Furthermore, cisgender and transgender female sex workers are also more likely to experience violence committed by a client than their male prostitute counterparts.

Additions to article:

Social Stigmas: Transgender Sex Workers[edit]

As represented through a study on transgender sex workers, trans women, especially those of color, tend to endure higher rates of violence then that of cisgender women due to discriminations and intersectional factors.  There are a variety of contributing factors, including the social stigmas surrounding transgender women that push them into sex work as a means of survival; this includes high unemployment rates typically due to legalized discriminations, a lack of education or career opportunities, and mental health issues resulting from transphobic experiences from adolescence through adulthood.  It is shown in one study that transgender women chose to remain in sex work despite the risks of violence and HIV contraction as a means to gain the social and economic support that society typically fails to provide.   This is specifically seen with black transgender women who are paid less for sex work, and are therefore pushed to see more clients, increasing their chances of exposure to violence.

Although transgender sex workers are able to attain their own sense of community, they are still faced with discrimination which often represents itself in violence on the streets. Since these discriminations are deeply embedded in societies such as the United States, many transgender sex workers are met with abuse or exploitation from law enforcement, rather than protection or support. On top of the typical risk of rape and robbery that prostitutes face by their clients and police, transgender prostitutes face the additional burden of transphobic acts of violence and harassment. One study includes 48 transgender women of color from San Francisco who share their experiences with violence during sex work--one participant recalls: "The police see you on the sidewalk, they will snatch your hair off your head, if you have on a wig and they will call you 'boy', loud, so everybody can hear over the speaker phone" [p. 774].  Another participant describes being forced into performing oral sex on an officer in order to escape the threat of arrest.  This transphobic violence is also perpetuated by clients, as shown through another participant who describes the death of her friend, who was killed and dismembered by a client who originally believe she was a cisgender woman.

Works Cited

Sausa, Lydia A., JoAnne Keatley, and Don Operario. "Perceived Risks and Benefits of Sex Work among Transgender Women of Color in San Francisco." Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 36, no. 6, 2007, pp. 768-77. ProQuest, https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.albany.edu/docview/205940640?accountid=14166, doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.albany.edu/10.1007/s10508-007-9210-3.

Logie, Carmen H., et al. “Factors Associated with Sex Work Involvement among Transgender Women in Jamaica: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Journal of the International AIDS Society, vol. 20, Jan. 2017, pp. 1–10. EBSCOhost, doi:10.7448/IAS.20.1.21422.

Moorman, Jessica D., and Kristen Harrison. “Gender, Race, and Risk: Intersectional Risk Management in the Sale of Sex Online.” Journal of Sex Research, vol. 53, no. 7, Sept. 2016, pp. 816–824. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1065950.

Nemoto, Tooru, et al. “Social Support, Exposure to Violence and Transphobia, and Correlates of Depression Among Male-to-Female Transgender Women With a History of Sex Work.” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 101, no. 10, Oct. 2011, pp. 1980–1988. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.197285.

Article Selection:

1. "Women-are-wonderful effect": Women-are-wonderful effect

Stub-class article; I selected this article as there is a lot of discussion on the talk page whether some aspects of the article are cohesive. There seems to be some conflicting ideas on what exactly sexism is [in regard to both males and females] in the comments as well. I have recently been taking a Women's Writers and a Philosophy of Feminism class this semester, so I believe I can use what I have learned to help improve the article. I also found the article below which discusses sexism and gender disparities, and the women-are-wonderful effect in relation to different societies.

a) Krys, Kuba, et al. “Catching up with Wonderful Women: The Women‐are‐wonderful Effect Is Smaller in More Gender Egalitarian Societies.” International Journal of Psychology, vol. 53, Oct. 2018, pp. 21–26. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/ijop.12420.

2. "Violence Against Prostitutes": Violence against prostitutes

Start-class article: This article interested me just because of it's importance--one thing I noticed at first glance is that there is only one line in the article referencing the experience of transwomen when it comes to violence and prostitution. I would like to expand on this more, as trans women are often forced into this sort of field out of a lack of opportunity, and then face violence and abuse on a regular basis for who they are and what they do. I believe that this needs to be expanded on, as transwomen's experience is just as important as a cis women's experience.

b) Logie, Carmen H., et al. “Factors Associated with Sex Work Involvement among Transgender Women in Jamaica: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Journal of the International AIDS Society, vol. 20, Jan. 2017, pp. 1–10. EBSCOhost, doi:10.7448/IAS.20.1.21422.

3. "Intersex Medical Interventions": Intersex medical interventions

C-Class Article: We recently studied this topic in my Philosophy and Feminism class, including an informative article by Anne Fausto-Sterling on how premature genital surgeries can affect intersex children physically, psychologically, and sexually. I believe this article has a good basis, but there are a lot of concepts from the below article that would be helpful to clarify the issues with this surgery, as well as general issues in society's strict understanding of a binary gender system.

c) Ehrenreich, Nancy, and Mark Barr. “Intersex Surgery, Female Genital Cutting, and the Selective Condemnation of ‘Cultural Practices.’” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, vol. 40, no. 1, Winter 2005, pp. 71–140. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=16771985&site=ehost-live.