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Saudi Arabia's Umm al-Qura calendar
[edit]Saudi Arabia uses the sighting method to determine the beginning of each month of the Hijri calendar. Since AH 1419 (1998/99) several official hilal sighting committees have been set up by the government to determine the first visual sighting of the lunar crescent at the beginning of each lunar month. Nevertheless, the religious authorities also allow the testimony of less experienced observers and thus often announce the sighting of the lunar crescent on a date when none of the official committees could see it.
The country also uses the Umm al-Qura calendar, based on astronomical calculations, but this is restricted to administrative purposes. The parameters used in the establishment of this calendar underwent significant changes over the past decade.[1][2]
Before AH 1420 (before 18 April 1999), if the moon's age at sunset in Riyadh was at least 12 hours, then the day ending at that sunset was the first day of the month. This often caused the Saudis to celebrate holy days one or even two days before other predominantly Muslim countries, including the dates for the Hajj, which can only be dated using Saudi dates because it is performed in Mecca.
For AH 1420–22, if moonset occurred after sunset at Mecca, then the day beginning at that sunset was the first day of a Saudi month, essentially the same rule used by Malaysia, Indonesia, and others (except for the location from which the hilal was observed).
Since the beginning of AH 1423 (16 March 2002), the rule has been clarified a little by requiring the geocentric conjunction of the sun and moon to occur before sunset, in addition to requiring moonset to occur after sunset at Mecca. This ensures that the moon has moved past the sun by sunset, even though the sky may still be too bright immediately before moonset to actually see the crescent.
In 2007, the Islamic Society of North America, the Fiqh Council of North America and the European Council for Fatwa and Research announced that they will henceforth use a calendar based on calculations, using the same parameters as the Umm al-Qura calendar, to determine (well in advance) the beginning of all lunar months (and therefore the days associated with all religious observances). This was intended as a first step on the way to unify Muslims' calendars throughout the world, in some future time. But, despite this stated objective, they will continue to differ, on this point, from Saudi Arabia's officially stated, but hard to verify policy of relying exclusively on sighting to determine the dates of religious observances.[3][4]
Thus, concerning Ramadan 1433, the Fiqh Council of North America announced that "the first day of Ramadan 1433 will be Friday, July 20, 2012 and Eid al-Fitr on Sunday, August 19, 2012". The Fiqh Council of North America explained in this context that it "recognizes astronomical calculation as an acceptable Shar’i method for determining the beginning of Lunar months including the months of Ramadan and Shawwal. FCNA uses Makkah al-Mukarrama as a conventional point and takes the position that the conjunction must take place before sunset in Makkah and moon must set after sunset in Makkah.
On the basis of this method the dates of Ramadan and Eidul Fitr for the year 1433 AH are established as follows: 1st of Ramadan will be on Friday, July 20, 2012 1st of Shawwal will be on Sunday, August 19, 2012." [5] For their part, the Saudi authorities announced On July 19, 2012 (Thursday) that the new crescent had been observed and that the fast of Ramadan would start on Friday, July 20. This was in contradiction with astronomers' announcement in moonsighting websites that it would be impossible to observe the new moon in the Middle East region on that day. Some 60 countries and Muslim communities worldwide began the fast of Ramadan on Friday, July 20, based on the Saudi announcement. This represented a historical record in this domain.
External links
[edit]- Helmer Aslaksen The Islamic Calendar
- Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. .
- Eid ul Adha Future Dates of the Feast of Sacrifice
- Khalid Chraibi, The reform of the Islamic calendar: the terms of the debate, Tabsir.net, September 2012
- Khalid Chraibi, La réforme du calendrier musulman: les termes du débat, Oumma.com
- Khalid Chraibi, La charia et le calendrier, Oumma.com
Calendar date converters
- Calendar Converter
- Islamic Calendar: Urdu Calendar : Hijri Calendar
- Calendar Converter: "Islamic" TO "Gregorian"
- The Umm Al-Qura (Mecca) Calendar (in Arabic, English explanation here)
- The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia (with date converter valid from 1937 to 2077)
- The Islamic Calendar/Hijri Calendar for Makkah
- Online Alavi Taiyebi Calendar
- Interactive Islamic Gregorian Calendar
- Islamic / Western Calendar Converter (supports all known variants of the tabular Islamic calendar)
Références du 280413
- Moonsighting.com : Ramadan 1427
- Ahmad Shakir: « Le début des mois arabes … est-il licite de le déterminer sur la base du calcul astronomique ? ». (publié en arabe en 1939) reproduit par le quotidien « al-madina », 13 octobre 2006 (n° 15878)
- (in-Arabic) Yusuf al-Qaradawi: « Calcul astronomique et détermination du début des mois » (en arabe)
- Fiqh Council of North America: Calendars
- al-Haj: « Le faqih, le politicien et la détermination des mois lunaires » (en arabe)
- Allal el Fassi: « Aljawab assahih wannass-hi al-khaliss ‘an nazilati fas wama yata’allaqo bimabda-i acchouhouri al-islamiyati al-arabiyah » (… concernant le début des mois islamiques arabes), rapport préparé à la demande du roi Hassan II du Maroc, Rabat, 1965 (36 p.), sans indication d'éditeur]
- Robert Harry Van Gent: The Umm-al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia
- Anver Saad: « The Untold Story of Ramadhan Moon Sighting » Daily muslims, October 07, 2005
- Ahmad Muhammad Shakir
- Abi alfayd Ahmad al-Ghomari: Tawjih alandhar litaw-hidi almouslimin fi assawmi wal iftar, 160p, 1960, Dar al bayareq, Beyrouth, 2nd ed. 1999
- Moonsighting.com
- [http://www.moonsighting.com/1427zhj.html Zul Hijja 1427
- Zulfikar Ali Shah: The astronomical calculations: a fiqhi discussion
- Leong Wen Xin: Lunar visibility and the Islamic calendar
- Moonsighting for Ramadan 1436 June 2015 List of countries
- Moonsighting for Shawwal 1436 July 2015 List of countries
- List of countries that use calculations, those that use local sighting, those that follow Saudi announcement..
http://moonsighting.com/calculation-or-sighting.html
http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/projects/lwx-urops.pdf
- Announcements - Ramadan & Eid Mubarak 1433 (2012) Fiqh Cou ncil of North America
- European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR) announcement
- Conseil Français du Culte Musulman (CFCM): Ramadan moubarak
- Nidhal Guessoum : Quel sera le premier jour du mois de Ramadan 2012 ?
- Gouvernement de Turquie : Calendrier musulman
- Robert Harry van Gent: The Islamic calendar of Turkey
- Mohammed al-Bukhari, Recueil de hadiths (3/119)
- Nidhal Guessoum, Mohamed el Atabi et Karim Meziane : "Ithbat acchouhour alhilaliya wa mouchkilate attawqiti alislami" (Détermination du début des mois lunaires...), 152p., Dar attali’a, Beyrouth, 2è éd., 1997
- Muhammad Mutawalla al-Shaârawi : Fiqh al-halal wal haram (Fiqh du licite et de l'illicite), édité par Ahmad Azzaâbi, Dar al-Qalam, Beyrouth, 2000
- Emile Biémont : Rythmes du temps, Astronomie et calendriers, De Borck, 2000, 393p
- Karim Meziane et Nidhal Guessoum : La visibilité du croissant lunaire et le ramadan, La Recherche n° 316, janvier 1999 http://www.lescahiersdelislam.fr/La-visibilite-du-croissant-lunaire-et-le-Ramadan_a362.html
- Jamal Eddine Abderrazik : « Calendrier Lunaire Islamique Unifié », Editions Marsam, Rabat, 2004
- Louisg : Le Calendrier musulman
- Louisg : Le début des mois dans le calendrier musulman
- Nidhal Guessoum : Le problème du calendrier islamique et la solution Képler
- Mohamed Nekili : Vers un calendrier islamique universel
- Khalid Chraibi: 1er muharram, calendrier lunaire ou islamique ? Oumma.com
- Khalid Chraibi : La problématique du calendrier islamique, Oumma.com
- Khalid Chraibi : Le calendrier musulman en 10 questions, Oumma.com
Khalid Chraibi: 1er muharram, calendrier lunaire ou islamique ? Khalid Chraibi : La problématique du calendrier islamique Khalid Chraibi : Le calendrier musulman en 10 questions
- Khalid Chraibi, La charia et le calendrier, Oumma.com
- Khalid Chraibi, La réforme du calendrier musulman: les termes du débat, Oumma.com]
- Khalid Chraibi: Calendrier lunaire - le guide du musulman perplexe, Oumma.com
http://oumma.com/202366/calendrier-lunaire-guide-musulman-perplexe-12
Moonsighting.com website Moonsighting.com: How Islamic months begin Moonsighting.com: Selected articles on the Islamic calendar Islamic Crescent’s Observation Project (ICOP): Selected articles on the Islamic calendar Saudi Arabia High Judiciary Council: Announcement of beginning of months 2000-2012 Helmer Aslaksen: The Islamic calendar Mohammad Ilyas: Lunar crescent visibility criterion and Islamic calendar Mohamed Odeh: The actual Saudi dating system Robert Harry van Gent: Predicting the First Visibility of the Lunar Crescent (comprend une bibliographie importante : bibliography on lunar crescent visibility) Fiqh Council of North America: Islamic lunar calendar decision of 2006 Islamic Center of Boston, Wayland: Moonsighting Decision documents Khalid Chraibi: Issues in the Islamic Calendar, Tabsir.net Khalid Chraibi: Towards a global Islamic calendar, SaudiDebate.com Khalid Chraibi: Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar? Tabsir.net Khalid Chraibi, The reform of the Islamic calendar: the terms of the debate, Tabsir.net, September 2012 Different proposals for the reform of the Islamic calendar: http://moonsighting.com/calendar.html
An Article on Sighting and Calculations by Dr. Muneer Fareed
- Sighting and Calculations by Dr. Muneer Fareed
- Different proposals for the reform of the Islamic calendar
- Moonsighting for Ramadan 1434 List of countries
- Moonsighting for Shawwal 1434 List of countries
- Different proposals for the reform of the Islamic calendar
- Moussaoui, Mohammed, Le calendrier lunaire à la lumière des données astronomiques, 9 mai 2013, CFCM
- Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars, London, 1901
- A video by Dr. Jamal Badawi on “To see or not to see: the Moon Sighting controversy in Islam”
- A video by Javed Ghamidi: The issues regarding moon-sighting
- A video by Dr. Tahirul Qadri on moonsighting and calculation
- ^ "Crescent sighting using the Uml al Qura calendar in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). (268 KB)
- ^ The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia by Robert Harry van Gent
- ^ Ramadan and Eid announcement by the Fiqh Council of North America (revised)
- ^ Khalid Chraibi : Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar?
- ^ http://fiqhcouncil.org/ Announcements - Ramadan & Eid Mubarak: Ramadan 1433 AH: The Astronomical New Moon is on July 19, 2012 (Thursday) at 4:24 Universal Time (7:24 a.m. Makkah time). Sunset at Makkah on July 19 is at 7:05 p.m., while moonset is at 7:11 p.m. Moon is born before sunset in Makkah and moonset is after sunset. Therefore first day of Ramadan is Friday, July 20. Eid ul-Fitr 1433 AH: The Astronomical New Moon is on August 17, 2012 (Friday) at 15:54 Universal Time (6:54 p.m. Makkah time). On Friday, August 17, sunset at Makkah is 6:49 p.m. and moonset is 6:30 p.m. Moon is born after sunset in Makkah and moon sets before sunset. On Saturday, August 18 , sunset at Makkah is 6:49 p.m. and moonset is at 7:11 p.m. Moon is born 24 hours before sunset, while moonset is after sunset. Therefore, first day of Shawwal, i.e., Eid ul-Fitr is Sunday, August 19.