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The line created by connecting the midpoints of all diagonals (L, M, and N) is the Newton-Gauss Line.

The Newton-Gauss Line

In mathematics, the Newton-Gauss Line is a property of a theorem known as the Theorem of Complete Quadrilateral, which is a proof within the field of geometry. It is a geometric relation of properties, with a specific interest in the midpoints of line segments within a complete quadrilateral, also known as a tetragram. The theorem states that the midpoints of the three diagonals of a complete quadrilateral lie on a single line. This connecting line is referred to as the Newton-Gauss Line.

The Newton-Gauss Line is very similar to the Newton Line, which follows the same general theorem but uses a convex quadrilateral with at most two parallel sides; this also means instead of having three diagonals, it uses the midpoint of the two s in addition to the point which bisects two lines created by connecting the midpoints of the opposite sides of the quadrilateral.

Theorem of Complete Quadrilateral

The Theorem of Complete Quadrilateral states that any four lines that are in general position (no two lines are parallel, and no three are concurrent) defines a total of six points; the configuration of these six points, in addition to the line segments belonging to these given lines, are known as the complete quadrilateral. Additionally, a key property is that these 6 points can be split into pairs where their connecting segments do not lie on any of the given 4 lines. These line segments are called diagonals of the quadrilateral. When connecting the midpoints of these diagonals, this forms the Newton-Gauss Line.

Properties

A complete quadrilateral is the polygon determined by four lines, with there being no three lines that are concurrent, and their six points of intersection. A complete quadrilateral $ABCDEF$ (figure 1) has three distinct diagonals: $AC$, $BD$, and $EF$. It should be noted that regular polygons only have two distinct diagonals. The midpoints of these diagonals; $R$, $S$, and $T$, form a line when connected together - this is the Newton-Gauss Line.

One property that is interesting is the distance between the points that make up the Newton-Gauss Line. From the Newton Line, we can see that the outer points of the line are equidistant to the central point of the line. The Newton-Gauss Line does not follow the same equidistance between points. This is due to the extra two points in the complete quadrilateral being able to extend extremely far along the lines, only limited by the angles at which the inner points create.

Applications

Although the Newton-Gauss Line's applications on a broader spectrum of mathematics is limited, the Newton-Gauss Line is a fundamental concept when dealing with complete quadrilaterals, used to develop an understanding of how quadrilaterals operate and can be manipulated when their vertices are modified. It is also used as a basis for being able to collect a plethora of other information used in the analysis of complete quadrilaterals.

The following are some possible applications of the complete quadrilaterals which are associated with cyclic quadrilaterals, based on the works presented by Barbu and Patrascu.

Angle Equality

Figure 1) The Newton-Gauss Line's application to find angular equality between points on the complete quadrilateral and a parallel to the Newton-Gauss Line

You are able to show angular equality between points on the complete quadrilateral and points lying on the Newton-Gauss Line.

Given any cyclic quadrilateral $ABCD$, let point $F$ be the point of intersection between the two diagonals $AC$ and $BD$. Extend out the diagonals $AB$ and $CD$ until they meet at a point of intersection and let this point be $E$. Let the midpoint of the segment $EF$ be $N$, and let the midpoint of the segment $BC$ be $M$ (Figure 1).

Theorem

If the midpoint of the segment $BF$ is $P$, the Newton-Gauss Line of the complete quadrilateral $ABCDEF$ in addition to the line $PM$ determines an $\angle PMN$ equal to $\angle EFD$.

Proof

First we must show that the triangles $\triangle NPM$ and $\triangle EDF$ are similar.

Since $BE\parallel PN$and additionally $FC\parallel PM$,we know $\angle NPM=\angle EAC$. Also, $\left({\frac {BE}{PN}}\right)$$=\left({\frac {FC}{PN}}\right)=2$

Within the cyclic quadrilateral $ABCD$, we have the set of equalities

$\angle EDF=\angle ADF+\angle EDA=\angle ACB+\angle ABC=\angle EAC$

Therefore, $\angle NPM=\angle EDF$

We let $R_{1}$ and $R_{2}$ be the radii of the circumcircles of $\triangle EDB$ and $\triangle FCD$ respectively. If we apply the law of sines to the triangles, we are given:

${\frac {BE}{FC}}={\frac {2R_{1}sinEDB}{2R_{2}sinFDC}}={\frac {R_{1}}{R_{2}}}={\frac {2R_{1}sinEBD}{2R_{2}sinFCD}}={\frac {DE}{DF}}$

Since $BE=2PN$and also $FC=2PM$, we have shown the equality ${\frac {PN}{PM}}={\frac {DE}{DF}}$. The similarity of triangles $PMN$ and $DFE$ follows, and $\angle NMP=\angle EFD$.

Remark

It should be noted that is $Q$ is the midpoint of the line segment $FC$, by the same reasoning we can show that $\angle NMQ=\angle EFA$.

Figure 2) Finding angular equality by drawing additional parallel lines to the lines of the complete quadrilateral which connect to the Newton-Gauss Line.

Angle Equality Parallel to the Newton-Gauss Line

You are able to draw additional parallel lines to the lines on the complete quadrilateral which connect to the Newton-Gauss Line. By doing this, you can also show that several angles are equal within the complete quadrilateral. (Figure 2)

Theorem

The parallel line from $E$ to the Newton-Gauss Line of the complete quadrilateral $ABCDEF$ in addition to the line $EF$ are isogonal lines of $\angle BEC$.

Proof

Since we know from the proof conducted in the first application that triangles $EDF$ and $NPM$ are similar, we have the equality $\angle DEF=\angle PNM$. We denote the point on intersection between the side $BC$ with the parallel of $NM$ through $E$ as the point $E'$.

Because we know $PN||BE$ and $NM||EE'$, we can show that $\angle BEF=\angle PNF$, and additionally that $\angle FNM=\angle E'EF$.

Therefore, $\angle CEE'=\angle DEF-\angle E'EF=\angle PNM-\angle FNM=\angle PNF=\angle BEF$.

Two Cyclic Quadrilaterals

You are able to show that the points lying on the diagonals in combination with points that lie on the given 4 lines will form two cyclic quadrilaterals, and as a result, you are then able to prove that the two complete quadrilaterals contained within these have the same Newton-Gauss Line.

Figure 3) Showing that the quadrilaterals MPHN and MQHN are cyclic.

Theorem 1

Let $G$ and $H$ be the orthogonal projections of the point $F$ on the lines $AB$ and $CD$ respectively.

The quadrilaterals $MPHN$ and $MQHN$are cyclic.

Proof

From the theorem presented in the Angle Equality application, we know that $\angle EFD=\angle PMN$. The points $P$ and $N$ are the respective circumcenters of the right triangles $\triangle BFG$ and $\triangle EFG$. It then follows with the assumption that $\angle PGF=\angle PFG$ and $\angle FGN=\angle GFN$.

Therefore,

${\begin{aligned}\angle PGN+\angle PMN&=(\angle PGF+\angle FGN)+\angle PMN\\&=\angle PFG+\angle GFN+\angle EFD\\&=180^{\circ }\end{aligned}}$

Therefore, we have shown that $MPGN$ is a cyclic quadrilateral, and it's twin $MQHN$ is also cyclic by the same reasoning.

Figure 4) Showing that the complete quadrilaterals EDGHIJ and ABCDEF have the same Newton-Gauss Line.

Theorem 2

Extend the lines $GF$ and $HF$ to intersect $EC$ and $EB$ at $I$ and $J$ respectively (Figure 4).

The complete quadrilaterals $EFGHIJ$ and $ABCDEF$ have the same Newton-Gauss Line.

Proof

The two complete quadrilaterals have a shared diagonal, $EF$. When each complete quadrilateral's Newton-Gauss Line is calculated, it is found that $N$ lies on the Newton-Gauss Line of both quadrilaterals. It is worth noting that $N$ is equidistant from $G$ and $H$, since it is the circumcenter of the cyclic quadrilateral $EGFH$.

We show that triangles $\triangle GMP$ and $\triangle HMQ$ are congruent, and thus it follows that $M$ lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line $HG$. Therefore, the line $MN$ contains the midpoint of $GH$, and is the Newton-Gauss Line of $EFGHIJ$.

Now for us to show that the triangles $\triangle GMP$ and and $\triangle HMQ$ are congruent, we must first note that since we have the points $M$ and $P$ being midpoints of $BF$ and $BC$ respectively, $PMQF$ is a parallelogram.

From this, we can come to the conclusion that

• $MP=QF=HQ$,
• $GP=PF=MQ$, and
• $\angle MPF=\angle FQM$.

It is important to note that $\angle FPG=2\angle PBG=2\angle DBA=2\angle DCA=2\angle HCF=\angle HQF$.

When we combine this with the third dot point above, we find:

$\angle MPG=\angle MPF+\angle FPG=\angle FQM+\angle HQF=\angle HQF+\angle FQM=\angle HQM$.

Together, with the other two dot points above, this proves the congruence of triangles $\triangle GMP$ and $\triangle HMQ$.

Remark

Due to $\triangle GMP$ and $\triangle HMQ$ being congruent triangles, their circumcentres $MPGN$ and $MQHN$ are also congruent.

References

• Barbu, C. & Patrascu, I.: Some Properties of the Newton-Gauss Line
• Johnson, R.A.: Modern geometry; an elementary treatise on the geometry of the triangle and the circle.
• Bogomolny, A.: Theorem of Complete Quadrilateral
• Alperin, R.C.: Gauss-Newton Lines and Eleven Point Conics.
• Planet Math: Line Segments