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free lunch[1][2]

MDMAasDrugsCom[3][4][5][6][7]

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA),[note 1] commonly known as ecstasy (E), is a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug. Desired effects of MDMA include increased empathy, pleasure, happiness; heightened sensations; altered sense of time, and sexuality.[10][11] When taken by mouth, effects begin after 30–45 minutes and resolve after 3–6 hours.[12][13] It can also be snorted or smoked.[14] As of 2016, MDMA has no accepted medical uses.[15]

  • Altered sense of time: Is this a desired effect? (Do people use MDMA to experience an altered sense of time?) Amphetamine and marijuana also cause an altered sense of time but are never mentioned as the reason people use them. Nor with MDMA.
  • Sexuality: This would be a desired effect but most research does not find sexuality to be a typical effect. At the very least it must be qualified.
  • Sociability: is a common and desired effect
  • Calmness: (dampening of anxieties) is a common and desired effect. It also benefits psychotherapy (PTSD).
  • Psychological insight: This dimension is clear from users' statements but is overlooked or lumped into empathy. (Inward empathy in a sense.) It also benefits psychotherapy.
  • Dancing and music
  • increased empathy, sociability, self-awareness
  • clamness, pleasure, euphoria
  • openess, trusting, suggestability
  • enhanced sensation
  • delight in music, dance, touch
  • stimulant effects
  • emotional intimacy, suggestability
  • While addictive, MDMA is not typically taken on a daily basis but episodically.
  • The entactogen effects diminish with every use and are irreversible. It is not believed to involve tolerance but chronic neurological changes.

Adverse effects of MDMA use include addiction, memory problems, paranoia, difficulty sleeping, teeth grinding, blurred vision, sweating, and a rapid heartbeat. Use may also lead to depression and fatigue. Deaths have been reported due to increased body temperature and dehydration.[14] MDMA increases the release and slows the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in parts of the brain — and has stimulant and psychedelic effects.[16][17] The initial increase is followed by a short-term decrease in the neurotransmitters.[13][14] MDMA is chiral – it exists as two enantiomers. It is structurally similar to methamphetamine, but it has more in common with the pharmacological and toxicological effects of amphetamines and hallucinogens.[13][16]

MDMA was first made in 1912.[14] It was used to try to improve psychotherapy in the 1970s and become popular as a street drug in the 1980s.[13][14] MDMA is commonly associated with dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music.[18] It is often sold mixed with other substances such as ephedrine or ketamine.[14] In 2013, between 9 and 28 million people between the ages of 15 and 65 used ecstasy (0.2% to 0.6% of the world population). This was broadly similar to the percentage of people who use cocaine, amphetamines, and opioids, but fewer than for cannabis.[19] In the United States, it was used by about 0.9 million people in 2010.[14]

Having or using MDMA is generally illegal in most countries. Limited exceptions are sometimes made for research. Research is investigating whether a few low doses of MDMA may assist in treating severe, treatment-resistant mental disorders.[10][20] More research is needed to determine if its usefulness outweighs the risk of harm.[10][20]

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The immediate side effects and residual effects are should put in order. Blurred vision, sweating, etc. are immediate effects; depression, fatigue, etc. immediate after effects to residual effects; addiction, memory problems, gradual and residual effects.

Deaths have occurred from increased temperature with dehydration, and to overhydration.

"MDMA is chiral – it exists as two enantiomers." why not: "MDMA exists as two enantiomers."

It is structurally similar to methamphetamine, but it has more in common with the pharmacological and toxicological effects of amphetamines and hallucinogens.[13][16]

This sentence is redundant, meaningless, and false.

  1. It isn't supported by the given citations. The first simply says, "[MDMA] is chemically similar to both stimulants and hallucinogens..."
  2. "MDMA ... has stimulant and psychedelic effects" is already said.
  3. Toxicological: MDMA has neurotoxic effects, as does methamphetamine.
  4. Methamphetamine is an amphetamine. Although more potent,the effects of methamphetamine is generally the same as other stimulant amphetamines, particularily amphetamine itself.
  5. Classic hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline) are serotonin receptor agonists; MDMA is predominately a serotonin releasing agent.



profound euphoria [21][22]

from: "Benzedrine Sulphate in Clinical Medicine: A Survey of the Literature" Post-Graduate Medical Journal, August 1946[23]

Clinical Uses of Benzedrine Sulfate
from: "Benzedrine Sulphate in Clinical Medicine: A Survey of the Literature"

Post-Graduate Medical Journal, August 1946

1. Narcolepsy 21. Urticaria
2. Epilepsy (offset barbiturate sedation) 22. Meniere's Syndrome
3. Post-Encephalitic Parkinsonism 23. Sea Sickness
4. Fatigue and Depression 24. Persistent Hiccup
5. Schizophrenia 25. Dysmenorrhoea
6. Alcoholism 26. Ureteral Colic
7. Barbiturate Intoxication and Narcosis 27. Obesity
8. Avertin Anaesthesia 28. The Irritable Colon
9. Morphine Addiction 29. X-Ray Visualisation
10. Codeine Addiction 30. Irradiation Sickness
11. Caffeine Mania 31. Restless Legs
12. Nicotinism 32. Carotid Sinus Syndrome
13. Disseminated Sclerosis 33. Hypotension
14. Myasthenia Gravis 34. Heart Block
15. Myotonia 35. Analgesia
16. Electric Convulsion Therapy 36. Malingering
17. Head Injuries 37. Ophthalmological
18. Infantile Cerebral Palsy 38. Night Blindness
19. Problem Children and Enuresis 39. Libido
20. Migraine

.

Can be taken when nausea and vomiting occur, and without aggravating the condition. The fast on set of effect is beneficial in persons with cancer who experience breakthrough pain (immediate pain that exceeds the ongoing pain medication). .

Big Boy Comic Book Codes

[edit]

Abc



Big Boy Comic Book Codes
A Bob's L McDowell's
B Kip's M Shoney's
D Eat'n Park N Abdow's
E Elby's Q Tops
F Elias Brothers R Vip's
H JB's W Manners
J Marc's X Frisch's
K Ken's Z Azar's

|- | McDowell's||L |- | Shoney's||M |- | Abdow's||N |- | Top's||Q |- |Vip's |R |- | Manners||W |- | Frisch's||X |- |Azar's (Indiana) |Z |- | |}

Big Boy Comic Book Codes
A Bob's L McDowell's
B Kip's L Shoney's
D Eat'n Park L Abdow's
A Elby's L Tops
A Elias Brothers L Vip's
A JB's L Manners
A Marc's L Frisch's
A Ken's L Azar's
Big Boy Comic Book Codes
Bob's A JB's H Top's Q
Kip's B Marc's J Vip's R
Eat'n Park D McDowell's   L Manners W
Elby's E Shoney's M Frisch's X
Elias Bros. F Abdow's N Azar's Z

Ken's Comic Books

WHO Cancer Opioid Ladder

[edit]

non-opioid optional adjuvant

WHO "Pain Ladder" for Adults

Pain

  1. non-opioid ± ajuvant

Pain Persisting or increasing

  1. opioid for mild to moderate pain non-opioid ± ajuvant

There is a broad consensus that opioid-based pharmacotherapy is the first-line strategy for the treatment of moderate or severe chronic pain in populations with active disease, and treatment guidelines have been developed from the known pharmacology of these drugs, extant data, and extensive clinical experience.[24]

  1. ^ "Theory: Big Boy and the Power of Licensing- A Cautionary Tale - AnimationResources.org - Serving the Online Animation Community". 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
  2. ^ "A Big Boy Kiddies Special [Advertisement]". Bristol Daily Courier. Bristol, PA. July 28, 1958. Retrieved September 13, 2016 – via newspaperarchive.com.
  3. ^ Anderson, Leigh (ed.). "MDMA". Drugs.com. Drugsite Trust. This is a test of italics in a quote
  4. ^ "Springtime is Big Boy time [advertisement]". Charleston Daily Mail. April 14, 1954. p. 8. Retrieved September 16, 2016 – via newspaperarchive.com.
  5. ^ "Now your enjoy the famous Parkette Foods in downtown Charleston [advertisement]". Charleston Daily Mail. March 13, 1953. p. 20. Retrieved September 16, 2016 – via newspaperarchive.com.
  6. ^ "Elias Brothers Dixie Drive In menu". Hazel Park History. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  7. ^ "How well do you remember Big Boy restaurants?". Open Cleveland / The Plain Dealer. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  8. ^ "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  9. ^ Luciano, Randy L.; Perazella, Mark A. (25 March 2014). "Nephrotoxic effects of designer drugs: synthetic is not better!". Nature Reviews Nephrology. 10 (6): 314–324. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2014.44. PMID 24662435. S2CID 9817771. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  10. ^ a b c Meyer JS (2013). "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives". Subst Abuse Rehabil. 4: 83–99. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258. PMC 3931692. PMID 24648791.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Acute amph toxicity was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Freye, Enno (28 July 2009). "Pharmacological Effects of MDMA in Man". Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs. Springer Netherlands. pp. 151–160. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_24. ISBN 978-90-481-2448-0. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d e "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. February 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "MDMA". 18 May 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference EMCDDA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ a b c Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, retrieved 5 Apr 2016
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference palmer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ World Health Organization (2004). Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence. World Health Organization. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-92-4-156235-5.
  19. ^ "Status and Trend Analysis of Illict [sic] Drug Markets". World Drug Report 2015 (PDF). Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  20. ^ a b Parrott AC (2014). "The potential dangers of using MDMA for psychotherapy". J Psychoactive Drugs. 46 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.873690. PMID 24830184. S2CID 23485480. Deficits have been demonstrated in retrospective memory, prospective memory, higher cognition, complex visual processing, sleep architecture, sleep apnoea, pain, neurohormonal activity, and psychiatric status. Neuroimaging studies have shown serotonergic deficits, which are associated with lifetime Ecstasy/MDMA usage, and degree of neurocognitive impairment. Basic psychological skills remain intact. Ecstasy/MDMA use by pregnant mothers leads to psychomotor impairments in the children. Hence, the damaging effects of Ecstasy/MDMA were far more widespread than was realized a few years ago. ... Rogers et al. (2009) concluded that recreational ecstasy/MDMA is associated with memory deficits, and other reviews have come to similar conclusions. Nulsen et al. (2010) concluded that 'ecstasy users performed worse in all memory domains'. Laws and Kokkalis (2007) concluded that abstinent Ecstasy/MDMA users showed deficits in both short-term and long-term memory, with moderate to large effects sizes.
  21. ^ Chen, Lucy; Cohen, Steven P.; Mao, Jainren (March 2013). "Chapter 1: Opioids". In Brummett, Chad M.; Cohen, Steven P. (eds.). Managing Pain: Essentials of Diagnosis and Treatment. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780199931491. Opioids, particularly mu-opioid receptor agonists, produce profound euphoria, as well as sedation, at high doses.
  22. ^ Williams, David A.; Roche, Victoria F.; Roche, Edward B. (January 2012). "Chapter 20: Central Analgesics". In Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A. (eds.). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 671. ISBN 9781609133450. The ability of mu opioids to induce a profound euphoria is well known.
  23. ^ Bett, W. R. (1 August 1946). "Benzedrine Sulphate in Clinical Medicine". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 22 (250): 205–218. doi:10.1136/pgmj.22.250.205. ISSN 0032-5473. PMC 2478360. PMID 20997404.
  24. ^ Plante, Gérard E.; VanItallie, Theodore B. (2010-10-01). "Opioids for cancer pain: the challenge of optimizing treatment". Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 59 Suppl 1: S47–52. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.07.010. ISSN 1532-8600. PMID 20837194.


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