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Kleobis (Cleobis) and Biton (Ancient Greek: Κλέοβις, gen.: Κλεόβιδος; Βίτων, gen.: Βίτωνος) are the names of two Archaic Greek Kouros brothers whose stories date back to about 580 BC who came from Argos and where the statue depictions of them were discovered in Delphi.
The story can first be seen in Herodotus Histories (1.31), where Solon tells King of Lydia, Croesus who the happiest person in the world is.[1][2]
Legend
[edit]Herodotus Story
[edit]The legend begins with the story of Solon, upon his meeting with Croesus. Solon was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet and Croesus was the King of Lydia who reigned for 14 years. Croesus, concerned about his legacy over the kingdom, takes the time to ask Solon who he found to be the happiest person in the world. Upon his reply, Solon names three separate people. The first being Tellus, the second and third being the brothers known as Kleobis and Biton. When hearing about this news, Croesus was confused as to why he was not considered to be one of the happiest of men. In response, Solon shares first the tale of Tellus and then the tale of Kleobis and Biton.[3]
In the story, Solon tells the of how these Argive brothers took their mother named Cydippe, a priestess at the temple of Hera, to a festival for the goddess to be held in town. When their mother's oxen could not be found, the brothers yoked themselves to their mother's cart and drove her the six miles to the temple.[2] Having arrived at the festival, the mother prayed for Hera to bestow a gift upon her sons for their strength and devotion, which Hera listened and rewarded the sons. When the prayers and the sacrifice were over, Kleobis and Biton fell asleep in the temple and never woke up, which was the gift Hera bestowed on the boys, which was allowing for them to die in their sleep.[2] To honor the two brothers, the people of Delphi dedicated statues of them to the temple of Apollo, allowing for these statues to be seen as funeral memorials.[4]
Upon hearing this story, Solon's advice to Croesus were “the uncertainties of life mean that no one can be completely happy.” Either one can experience the joys of having continuous prosperity, much like Tellus, or one can experience a life of death, which can be granted as a reward like it was to Kleobis and Biton. The lesson of the legend is to showcase that those who live a moderately happy life are shown to have a glamorous death.[5]
Interpretation
[edit]The meaning of this legend showcases the Greek's culture in valuing a "beautiful death," since the afterlife in Greek society was seen to be far more superior than one of the living world, which can seem odd to western ears. However, if one was to die from wounds inflicted in battle, than that person would forever have that scar or wound as they traveled to the underworld.[6] Croesus, expecting for the happiest of a human to rely on wealth, does not just die but lapses into a holy sleep (hieros hypnos).[7] The story of these two brothers can be depicted in the statues that were found in Delphi and where they are currently held at the Delphi Museum.
Statues
[edit]History
[edit]Herodotus records that "the Argives had statues of them made and set them up at Delphi, because they had been such excellent men". These two statues are known to be similar to other funerary monuments of the Archaic time, which were set up by the parents of the fallen warriors.[8] The modern Delphi Museum displays two identical Archaic kouroi under the names of Cleobis and Biton, although other archaeologists who have studied the statues, see in them the twin sons of Zeus, the Dioscouri, worship of whom was quite widespread in the Peloponnese.
Inscriptions on the base of the statues identify them as ϜΑΝΑΚΩΝ (wanakōn), i.e. the "princes", an attribute usually given to Castor and Pollux in Argos, a fact which supported the identification with the Dioscuri. The inscription also identifies Polymedes of Argos as the sculptor: something which was very unusual at such an early date. The statues are in what is regarded as a typical Peloponnesian style: massive and muscular. Their left foot is stepping forward, whereas their hands are bent at the elbows, touching the thighs, hands closed in fists. The hair are curly over the forefront and hang on the shoulders. Their eyes are large and almond-shaped, crowned by high eyebrows. Their faces bear the typical Archaic smile. They wore high-soled sandals. Each figure stood on a different stepping stone but they were both standing on the same pedestal. The date suggested for their creation is ca. 580 BC. They are considered a typical specimen of the Archaic sculpture of the Peloponnese.
Connection to Kouros Figures
[edit]These statues share a connection with the fundamentals of what a Kouros statue is, meaning that they are free-standing figures that depict the male youth that are depicted in symmetry and pattern.
The earliest depiction of Kouros statues can be found in Egyptian culture, where the style of the sculpture shows stability, by being depicted by a single viewpoint in the front. Here, the two sculptures can be seen with a foot movement, to imply movement, with idealized features, from the oval eyes to the fist clenched on each side of their torsos.[9] However, these two statues do seem to suggest that the Greeks are moving away from the strict lines of the Egyptians and are beginning to move towards the ideal of depicting more realistic figures.
In Greece, Kouros "signifies youth and manhood, sometimes warrior status...it is related to the word koros, that signifies seedling or shoot of a plant."[8]
Description
[edit]Standing side by side, these marble statues stand on separate blocks that are supported by the same base that bears some part of an inscription on the bottom. The two statues can both be seen with one leg stepping forward, arms locked to their sides, and depicted as naked youth. Despite for the marked boots, which could be a sign of the god Apollo or the fact that they were travelers, these life-size young men are seen to be stocky in built with broad shoulders and a broad face.[10] Their hair can be seen as a single row of large disk-like curls that line the forehead of the statues, with the rest of the hair combed then subdivided into bead-like elements that springs out from the base of the neck, with each tendril being finished off with a tie.[10]
Heroic Nudity
[edit]Depiction of warriors as being nude may seem unrealistic to sculptures, but the idea of having one allows for interest in the viewers eye when it comes to seeing pieces that are in the nude. In the case of Kleobis and Biton, the depiction of heroic nudity can be seen in the "essentially unrealistic, in so far as warriors are without clothes or body armor; yet there is still vivid interest in the postures of life deserting the heroic body."[8] In the case of the two statues, the town of Argives was not known for depicting images of Kouros images, but they two brothers who died this beautiful death were built by the enthusiastic people Argives as a message to other city-states as being an Argive citizen.[8] Though it is still not confirmed whether or not these boys were the actual candidates for the statues, the legend does seem to fit in hand with the time of Herodotus' tale.
Athletic Depiction
[edit]Back to the legend by Solon for Kleobis and Biton, the greatest test of strength for the two young men came when they were challenged with having to take their mother to town as her oxen. The extent of their muscular depiction is emphasized to characterize them as to represent the brute strength of the Argive style, found in the High Archaic period.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Branscome, David (2013-11-06). Textual Rivals: Self-Presentation in Herodotus’ Histories. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472118946.
- ^ a b c Wright, Anne Margaret; Croy, Anita (2016). Art and Architecture. Routledge. ISBN 9781315497082.
- ^ Lloyd, Michael (1987). "Cleobis and Biton (Herodotus 1,31)". JSTOR: 22. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ Lloyd, James. "Cleobis and Biton". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ Lloyd,["Cleobis and Biton (Herodotus 1,31)"] 26
- ^ "Kleobis and Biton, Kouroi, c580 BC, Archaic Period". Personal Interpretations. 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
- ^ Spivey, Nigel (2013). Greek Sculpture. Cambridge University Press. p. 108.
- ^ a b c d Spivey, Nigel (March 25, 2013). Greek Sculpture. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0521756983.
- ^ "Kleobis and Biton, Kouroi, c580 BC, Archaic Period". Personal Interpretations. 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
- ^ a b c "Delphi, Kleobis and Biton (Sculpture)". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-01.