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The following is taken from the Open Textbook page.

Higher education

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Open textbooks offer 80% or more savings to higher education students compared to traditional textbooks, according to Student Public Interest Research Groups (PIRGs).[1][2][3] Research commissioned by the Florida state legislature found similar savings, and various state, provincial, national, and institutional initiatives have emerged to support creation and use of open textbooks as a result.[4][5][6]

Open Oregon, a state-funded initiative active since 2015, indicated in an annual report that open textbooks can not only secure significant savings for students, these savings compound over time as materials are reused. For instance, Open Oregon initially offered $52,098 in funding for open textbooks in 2015. By 2019, the program estimated that students in Oregon higher education had secured $477,409.24 in savings.[7][8]

Organizations supporting creation of open textbooks cite other reasons for doing so that go beyond cost savings. In 2010, the Florida state legislature pointed to "compelling academic reasons" for using open textbooks that included: "improved quality, flexibility and access to resources, interactive and active learning experiences, currency of textbook information, broader professional collaboration, and the use of teaching and learning technology to enhance educational experiences" (OATTF, p. i).[9]

Based on survey data gathered in September 2020, Student PIRGs cited additional reasons for supporting accessible open textbooks in light of the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. They noted that, while commercial textbook prices had not continued to surge in the past year, students experiencing economic uncertainty, food shortages, and limited access to Internet were more likely to forgo or lose access to course materials. This report highlighted the economic inequalities that are further exacerbated by an educational market characterized by cost inflation and demanding technological requirements.[10]

Milestones

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Milestones for open textbooks include creation of large-scale publishing initiatives and awards for significant publication efforts. Because authors do not make money from the sale of open textbooks, several organizations have tried to incentivize their creation with awards, grants, and publishing support services.[citation needed]

In November 2010, Anthony Brandt was awarded an "Access to Artistic Excellence" grant from the National Endowment for the Arts for his innovative music appreciation course in Connexions.[11] The module completed with grant funds was entitled "Hearing Harmony."

In December 2010, open textbook publisher Flat World Knowledge was recognized by the American Library Association's Business Reference and Services Section (ALA BRASS)[12] by being named to the association's list of "Outstanding Business Reference Sources: The 2010 Selection of Recent Titles." The categories of business and economics open textbooks from Flat World Knowledge's catalog were selected for this award and referenced as "an innovative new vehicle for affordable (or free) online access to premier instructional resources in business and economics."[13] Specific criteria used by the American Library Association BRASS when evaluating titles for selection were:

A resource compiled specifically to supply information on a certain subject or group of subjects in a form that will facilitate its ease of use. The works are examined for authority and reputation of the publisher, author, or editor; accuracy; appropriate bibliography; organization, comprehensiveness, and value of the content; currency and unique addition to the field; ease of use for intended purpose; quality and accuracy of indexing; and quality and usefulness of graphics and illustrations. Each year more electronic reference titles are published, and additional criteria by which these resources are evaluated include search features, stability of content, graphic design quality, and accuracy of links. Works selected are intended to be suitable for medium to large academic and public libraries.

After receiving this award, Flat World Knowledge shifted business models to become for-profit.[14]

Connexions announced a series of two grants in early 2011 that would allow the platform to produce a total of 20 open textbooks ultimately distributed as the OpenStax collection. Initially funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Michelson 20MM Foundation, and the Maxfield Foundation, this project expanded over an 18-month time frame to include open textbooks for Anatomy & Physiology, Sociology, Biology, Biology for non-majors, and Physics.[15][16][17] The second phase of the OpenStax project would produce an additional 15 titles. The most expensive part of this process was image rights clearing with cleared images becoming available for reuse in even more titles.[18] As of June 2021, OpenStax indicates that their textbooks are in use in 60% of U.S. colleges and universities and 100 countries worldwide.[19]

In February 2012, the Saylor Foundation sponsored an "Open Textbook Challenge," offering a $20,000 reward for newly written open textbooks or existing textbooks released under a CC-BY license.[20]

The Text and Academic Author's Association awarded a 2011 Textbook Excellence Award ("Texty")[21] to the first open textbook to ever win such recognition in that year. A maximum of eight academic titles could earn this award each year. The title "Organizational Behavior"[22] by Talya Bauer and Berrin Erdogan earned one of seven 2011 Textbook Excellence Awards granted. Bauer & Erdogan's "Organizational Behavior" open textbook was published by Flat World Knowledge.

After its launch in 2012, the BC Open Textbook Pilot went on to win many accolades for its commitment to providing open textbooks to students in British Columbia, Canada. BCcampus was tasked with coordinating the program, whose goal was to "make higher education more accessible by reducing student cost through the use of openly licensed textbooks."[23] BCcampus' catalog of open textbooks is widely regarded as a leading source of information about existing OER in Canada.[24] The organization has taken the lead in educating the OER community about textbook accessibility via its Accessibility Toolkit.[25] In 2015 and 2016, BCcampus won Creative Innovation and Open Education Excellence awards from the Open Education Consortium.[26] In 2018, it won a SPARC Innovator Award.[27]

In 2012 David Ernst, a faculty member in the College of Education and Human Development at the University of Minnesota, founded Open Textbook Library (OTL) to help other faculty members locate and adopt open textbooks. Ernst launched traveling workshops that presented the concept of OER to faculty members and invited them to review textbooks in OTL using a pre-set rubric. In 2014, Ernst created Open Textbook Network to provide peer support to institutions looking to expand their open education initiatives. Later renamed Open Education Network, this organization had grown by June 2021 to comprise 140 members and 1,147 campuses across North America and select locations worldwide.[28] Its initiatives came to include local workshops, a publishing cooperative, a certificate in OER Librarianship, and an annual Summer Summit. Meanwhile, Open Textbook Library had grown to 883 textbooks by June 2021.[29]

In 2013, the Maricopa County Community College District launched the Maricopa Millions Study. The goal of this project was to "radically decrease student costs by offering LOW COST or NO COST options for course materials." The project aimed to save students $5 in five years.

In 2013, Tidewater Community College rolled out the first known degree program using exclusively zero-cost course materials. Tidewater's Associate of Science in Business Administration was known as a "Z-Degree" program, and in 2017 the college reported that the degree had garnered students $1 million in savings to date.[30][31]

Based in Canada, the Rebus Foundation provides support for authors seeking to publish open textbooks. The foundation provides professional development, facilitates workshops, and encourages authors to connect over shared OER projects.[32]

Pressbooks is an "open-source, book production tool that is built around the WordPress platform."[33] Many institutions have built open textbook publishing efforts around Pressbooks. Some of the results may be viewed on the Pressbooks Directory. As of June 2021, more than 2,500 books had been published to the directory.

Other significant awards in open textbook publishing can be found via Open Education Global--a community that presents annual awards for innovation and leadership in open education.[34]

Instruction

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Open textbooks typically employ licenses that allow anyone the freedom to retain, reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute all contents.[35] As such, open textbooks are flexible tools for instructors wishing to build and rebuild materials for their courses.[36][37] The flexibility of open textbooks is further detailed below.

Traditional textbook publishers frequently recoup costs by making minor changes to new editions. Students are forced to pay these new costs, which can act as a barrier to learning if the student chooses not to purchase the book in question. By contrast, open textbooks can be freely modified and re-used as long as they bear a CC BY or comparable license.[38]

Since 2010, meta-analyses have sought to demonstrate the efficacy of open textbooks for student learning. While acknowledging confounding factors like differences in teaching styles, these studies suggest that open textbooks typically produce similar or superior learning outcomes as compared to commercial textbooks.[39][40][41][42] As of 2021, the not-for-profit Open Education Group continues to fund annual fellowships to study the cost of education, student success outcomes when using open educational resources (OER), usage patterns for OER, and perceptions of OER. Resulting studies are collected on the organization's website.[43]

Projects

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A number of projects seek to develop, support and promote open textbooks. Many open textbook initiatives are funded on the national, state, or institutional level. Notable examples are listed below.

United States
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For more information, see SPARC's List of North American OER Policies and Projects and the United States Open Textbooks Pilot Program.

Canada
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For more information, see Open Educational Resources in Canada and Canada's Open Education Initiatives, a list created by BCcampus.

International Initiatives
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Accessibility

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As institutions moved toward digital access during the COVID-19 pandemic, accessibility of course materials became a mounting concern. Specifically, accessibility for people with disabilities has been a challenge across resources including open textbooks. Web accessibility is defined by W3C as adherence to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Studies have increasingly shown that open textbooks fail multiple criteria outlined in WCAG.[49][50][51][52][53][54][55] These studies have caused the open education community to produce guides for improving the accessibility of open textbooks and OER.[56][57]




  1. ^ New Report Finds Switching To Open Textbooks Saves Students Thousands by Nicole Allen. September 30, 2010
  2. ^ A Call for Open Textbooks by Steve Kolowich. Inside Higher Ed. October 1, 2010.
  3. ^ The Textbook Alternative That Could Save Students $700 Per Year by Dennis Carter. eCampus News. October 7, 2010
  4. ^ Florida Open Access Textbook Task Force Final Report submitted in fulfillment of the requirements contained in 1004.091(2) F.S. February 27, 2010.
  5. ^ "Open Textbooks Pilot Program". www2.ed.gov. 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  6. ^ "List of North American OER Policies & Projects". SPARC. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  7. ^ hofera. "Continuing Savings from Past OER Grants – openoregon.org". Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  8. ^ "Estimating student savings from no-cost/low-cost course materials – openoregon.org". Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  9. ^ Florida Distance Learning Consortium; Cook, Ida (2020-08-26). "2010 Faculty and Administrator Open Educational Resources Survey Report". UCF OER Studies and Reports.
  10. ^ "Fixing the Broken Textbook Market, Third Edition". Student PIRGs. 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  11. ^ "Anthony Brandt". Americans for the Arts. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  12. ^ Business Reference & Services Section (BRASS), American Library Association Reference and User Services Association. 2011.
  13. ^ Outstanding Business Reference Sources: The 2010 Selection of Recent Titles. American Library Association Reference and User Services Quarterly. December 29, 2010.
  14. ^ "Flat World's shift in gears and what it means for open textbook publishing". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  15. ^ Smith, Mitch. "Why Pay for Intro Textbooks?". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  16. ^ Robe, Johnathan. "Free College Textbooks: Wave of the Future?". Forbes. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  17. ^ Guttenplan, D.D. "Big Savings for U.S. Students in Open-Source Book Program". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  18. ^ "Connexions Conference 2011: Part 3 by Barbara Illowsky. February 20, 2011.
  19. ^ "OpenStax". openstax.org. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  20. ^ http://www.saylor.org/otc/
  21. ^ Description of Textbook Excellence Awards ("Textys") from the Text and Academic Author's Association. 2011.
  22. ^ Organizational Behavior by Talya Bauer and Berrin Erdogan. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge. 2010.
  23. ^ "The Project – BCcampus OpenEd Resources". Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  24. ^ "Find Open Textbooks – BCcampus OpenEd Resources". Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  25. ^ Coolidge, Amanda; Doner, Sue; Robertson, Tara; Gray, Josie (2018-08-31). Accessibility Toolkit - 2nd Edition. BCcampus. ISBN 978-1-77420-030-8.
  26. ^ "2015 OE Award Winners: Projects | The Open Education Consortium". www.oeconsortium.org. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  27. ^ "Recognition – BCcampus". Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  28. ^ "About – Open Education Network". Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  29. ^ "Open Textbook Library". Open Textbook Library. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  30. ^ October 3; News, 2017 | TCC (2017-10-03). "Z-Degree adds up to $1 million in savings plus student retention and better grades". TCC Today. Retrieved 2021-06-23. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ "Reducing Textbook Cost to $0: Tidewater Community College". SPARC. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  32. ^ "Rebus Community | Collaboration and Creation for OER". Rebus Community. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  33. ^ Christie, Jordanne (2020-05-01), "Using Pressbooks to Create Collaborative Open Textbooks", Technology Tools for Teaching in Higher Education, The Practical Handbook Series, Centre for Higher Education Research, Policy & Practice (CHERPP), retrieved 2021-06-25
  34. ^ "OE Awards for Excellence – Organized by Open Education Global". awards.oeglobal.org. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  35. ^ Moist, Shannon (2017-03-08), "OER definition", Faculty OER Toolkit, BCcampus, retrieved 2021-06-23
  36. ^ ASU Statepress. Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine Open Source Alternatives Bring Flexibility to Textbooks. February 25, 2010.
  37. ^ 7 Things You Should Know About Open Textbook Publishing by Judy Baker and Jacky Hood. Educause Learning Initiative. March 8, 2011.
  38. ^ Bowman, Gina Echevarria, Jordan. "Why college textbooks are so expensive". Business Insider. Retrieved 2021-06-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ Clinton, Virginia; Khan, Shafiq (2019-07-01). "Efficacy of Open Textbook Adoption on Learning Performance and Course Withdrawal Rates: A Meta-Analysis". AERA Open. 5 (3): 2332858419872212. doi:10.1177/2332858419872212. ISSN 2332-8584.
  40. ^ Fischer, Lane; Hilton, John; Robinson, T. Jared; Wiley, David A. (2015-12-01). "A multi-institutional study of the impact of open textbook adoption on the learning outcomes of post-secondary students". Journal of Computing in Higher Education. 27 (3): 159–172. doi:10.1007/s12528-015-9101-x. ISSN 1867-1233. PMC 7115070. PMID 32269452.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  41. ^ Colvard, Nicholas B.; Watson, C. Edward; Park, Hyojin (2018/00/00). "The Impact of Open Educational Resources on Various Student Success Metrics". International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. 30 (2): 262–276. ISSN 1812-9129. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ Hilton, John (2016-08-01). "Open educational resources and college textbook choices: a review of research on efficacy and perceptions". Educational Technology Research and Development. 64 (4): 573–590. doi:10.1007/s11423-016-9434-9. ISSN 1556-6501.
  43. ^ "Publications by OER Research Fellows – Open Education Group". Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  44. ^ Open Educational Resources The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
  45. ^ "OpenUp Resources - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation". www.gatesfoundation.org. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  46. ^ Ohio’s Digital Textbook Project Webinar Summary by Sue Polanka. No Shelf Required: Ebooks in Libraries. Wright State University. October 25th, 2010.
  47. ^ "OpenStax". openstax.org. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  48. ^ "BC to offer free textbooks online". CBC News Online.
  49. ^ "OpenEd20: Open for Who?: Assessing the Accessibili..." opened20.sched.com. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  50. ^ Singh, Jaspreet; Fernando, Zeon Trevor; Chawla, Saniya (2015-09-09). "LearnWeb-OER: Improving Accessibility of Open Educational Resources". arXiv:1509.02739 [cs].
  51. ^ Da Rosa, Silvia; Motz, Regina (2016-09). "Do we have accessible oer repositories?". 2016 International Symposium on Computers in Education (SIIE): 1–6. doi:10.1109/SIIE.2016.7751867. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ^ Reed, Michelle; Turner, Ciara (2018), Experiential Learning and Open Education: Partnering with Students to Evaluate OER Accessibility, Pacific University Press, retrieved 2021-06-25
  53. ^ Barnes, Christopher (2018-10-26). "OER and Accessibility: Designing Equitable Foundations for Open Education". All Musselman Library Staff Works.
  54. ^ Navarrete, Rosa; Luján-Mora, Sergio (2018-11-01). "Bridging the accessibility gap in Open Educational Resources". Universal Access in the Information Society. 17 (4): 755–774. doi:10.1007/s10209-017-0529-9. ISSN 1615-5297.
  55. ^ Zhang, Xiangling; Tlili, Ahmed; Nascimbeni, Fabio; Burgos, Daniel; Huang, Ronghuai; Chang, Ting-Wen; Jemni, Mohamed; Khribi, Mohamed Koutheair (2020-01-03). "Accessibility within open educational resources and practices for disabled learners: a systematic literature review". Smart Learning Environments. 7 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s40561-019-0113-2. ISSN 2196-7091.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  56. ^ Coolidge, Amanda; Doner, Sue; Robertson, Tara; Gray, Josie (2018-08-31). Accessibility Toolkit - 2nd Edition. BCcampus. ISBN 978-1-77420-030-8.
  57. ^ Anderson, Talea. "Accessibility Case Studies for Scholarly Communication Librarians and Practitioners – Simple Book Publishing". opentext.wsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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