User:Chelsea.osei/sandbox
New material[edit]
I will expand on aetiology and symptoms of contact granuloma.
Chelsea.osei (talk) 02:08, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
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Signs and symptoms[edit]
The primary symptoms of contact granuloma include chronic or acute hoarseness of the voice and vocal fatigue.[1][2] More severe granulomas may result in throat ache or soreness, as well as pain that lateralizes to one or both ears.[2][3] Smaller granulomas may result in a tickling sensation or slight discomfort.
Signs of contact granulomas are frequent coughing and throat-clearing.[2][4] Some people may also notice that their pitch range is restricted due to granuloma.[3]
Causes[edit]
The major etiologic factors of contact granulomas have been organized into the following categories:
Mechanical Issues[edit]
Mechanical issues resulting in contact granulomas are related to physical trauma at the level of the vocal folds.[1][3] Trauma occurs when adductive forces are excessive, meaning that a person's vocal folds are closing abruptly and forcefully while speaking or engaging in other non-vocal behaviours (such as throat-clearing and coughing).[1][3][4] Glottal insufficiency (when the vocal folds cannot close completely, often due to vocal fold paralysis) can also be an underlying cause of contact granulomas.[4]
Contact trauma can occur when a person frequently speaks at a pitch that is lower than their modal voice, especially in vocally-demanding positions like acting, teaching and singing.[3] Research suggests that men are more commonly affected than women.[1][4]
Intubation[edit]
For patients in need of tracheal intubation to receive oral drugs, an oversized tube, excessive movement of the tube, or infection can lead to contact granulomas, but this is rare.[1][3][4]
Inflammatory issues[edit]
Inflammatory issues associated with contact granuloma include gastroesophageal reflux, allergy or infection.[3][4][5] There is some disagreement among researchers as to whether inflammatory issues are a direct cause.[1] Some researchers identify reflux and infection as indirect causes due to aggressive coughing that usually occurs as a result.
Psychosocial factors[edit]
People with certain personality traits and vocal patterns may be more susceptible to the development of contact granulomas.[1][5][6] Tenseness, high-stress, aggressiveness and impulsiveness are personality traits associated with contact granuloma.[1][2]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rubin, John S., Sataloff, Robert T., Korovin, Gwen S. (2014). Diagnosis and Treatment of Voice Disorders, 4th Edition. San Diego: Plural Publishing, Inc. pp. 108–109. ISBN 1597565539.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d The voice and voice therapy. Boone, Daniel R. (8th ed ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon/ Pearson. 2010. ISBN 9780205609536. OCLC 262694323.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Stemple, Joseph C.; Roy, Nelson; Klaben, Bernice (2014). Clinical voice pathology : theory and management (Fifth edition ed.). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. ISBN 9781597565561. OCLC 985461970.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ a b c d e f Hoffman, H. T.; Overholt, E.; Karnell, M.; McCulloch, T. M. (December 2001). "Vocal process granuloma". Head & Neck. 23 (12): 1061–1074. ISSN 1043-3074. PMID 11774392.
- ^ a b Sataloff, Robert T (2015). Sataloff's Comprehensive Textbook of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery: Six Volume Set. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers Pvt. Limited. pp. 705–707. ISBN 935152745X.
- ^ Kleinsasser, O. (1986). Microlaryngoscopic and histologic appearances of polyps, nodules, cysts, Reinke's edema, and granulomas of the vocal cords. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press. pp. 51–55.