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Stages of zoonosis

Zoonotic pathogens can be categorized into several stages based on their degree of association with their animal and human hosts^[1]. Pathogens like rabies use humans as hosts only incidentally, generally not being transmitted beyond their first human host. On the other extreme, some pathogens such as HIV-1, have completed their zoonosis[cite] and are now found exclusively in humans. Many pathogens are in between these extremes: yellow fever has frequent zoonosis events followed by localized secondary human to human infections.

^ Wolfe, Nathan D.; Dunavan, Claire Panosian; Diamond, Jared (2007 May 17). "Origins of major human infectious diseases". Nature. 447 (7142): 279–83. doi:10.1038/nature05775. PMC 7095142. PMID 17507975. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[1] Wolfe, Nathan D.; Dunavan, Claire Panosian; Diamond, Jared (2007 May 17). "Origins of major human infectious diseases". Nature. 447 (7142): 279–83. doi:10.1038/nature05775. PMC 7095142. PMID 17507975. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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