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Student affairs professionals (from Student Affairs page-link to the page on compassion fatigue)

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Student Affairs professionals are individuals who serve in a supportive capacity and provide a variety of supports and services within Higher Education.[1]

Roles range from service providers to senior leadership. Staff have diverse backgrounds and programs of study, bringing a wealth of knowledge and research aimed at best supporting students in their development during the course of their studies.[1] Relying on current student development theories, they support the whole student (physical, emotional, and mental health). Challenges in meeting this goal include budget cuts, emotional strain, crisis-related issues, feeling devalued, and having to do more with less[2]

Student Affairs professionals are often the first point of contact for students in crisis situations, which may include sexual violence, suicidal ideation, severe mental health episodes, hate crimes/discrimination. [3] As first responders[4] with exposure to traumatic information, they may be prone to occupational burnout and compassion fatigue [5]

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Compassion fatigue, also known as secondary traumatic stress (STS), is a condition characterized by a gradual lessening of compassion over time. Scholars who study compassion fatigue note that the condition is common among workers who work directly with victims of disasters, trauma, or illness, especially those within the health care industry.[6] Professionals in other occupations can also be at risk for experiencing compassion fatigue, e.g. attorneys,[7] child protection workers[8] and veterinarians.[9] Other occupations include: therapists, child welfare workers, nurses, radiology technologists, teachers, journalists, psychologists, police officers, paramedics, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), firefighters, animal welfare workers, public librarians, and health unit coordinators.[10] Non-workers, such as family members and other informal caregivers of people who are suffering from a chronic illness, may also experience compassion fatigue.[6] It was first diagnosed in nurses in the 1950s.[citation needed]

People who experience compassion fatigue can exhibit several symptoms including hopelessness, a decrease in experiences of pleasure, constant stress and anxiety, sleeplessness or nightmares, and a pervasive negative attitude. This can have detrimental effects on individuals, both professionally and personally, including a decrease in productivity, the inability to focus, and the development of new feelings of incompetency and self-doubt.[7]

Journalism analysts argue that news media have caused widespread compassion fatigue in society by saturating newspapers and news shows with decontextualized images and stories of tragedy and suffering. This has caused the public to become desensitized or resistant to helping people who are suffering.[11]

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Compassion Fatigue (from CF article)

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Compassion fatigue is a condition characterized by emotional and physical exhaustion leading to a diminished ability to empathize or feel compassion for others, often described as the negative cost of caring.[12] It is sometimes referred to as secondary traumatic stress (STS),[12] According to the Professional Quality of Life Scale, burnout and secondary traumatic stress are two interwoven elements of compassion fatigue.[13]

Compassion fatigue is considered to be the result of working directly with victims of disasters, trauma, or illness, especially in the health care industry.[14] Individuals working in other helping professions are also at risk for experiencing compassion fatigue.[15] These include child protection workers,[16] veterinarians,[17] teachers[18], palliative care workers[19] journalists,[20] police officers,[21] firefighters, animal welfare workers, public librarians, health unit coordinators,[22] and Student Affairs professionals.[5] Non-professionals, such as family members and other informal caregivers of people who have a chronic illness, may also experience compassion fatigue.[14] It was first coined in 1992 by Carla Joinson to describe the negative impact hospital nurses were experiencing as a result of their repeated, daily exposure to patient emergencies.[12]

People who experience compassion fatigue may exhibit a variety of symptoms including lowered concentration, numbness or feelings of helplessness, irritability, lack of self-satisfaction, withdrawal, aches and pains, or work absenteeism.[12]

Journalism analysts argue that news media have caused widespread compassion fatigue in society by saturating newspapers and news shows with decontextualized images and stories of tragedy and suffering. This has caused the public to become desensitized or resistant to helping people who are suffering.[23]


Student Affairs Professionals

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In response to the changing landscape of postsecondary institutions, sometimes as a result of having a more diverse and marginalized student population, both campus services and the roles of student affairs professionals have evolved. These changes are efforts to manage the increases in traumatic events and crises.[24]

Due to the exposure to student crises and traumatic events, student affairs professionals, as front line workers, are at risk for developing compassion fatigue.[25] Such crises may include sexual violence, suicidal ideation, severe mental health episodes, and hate crimes/discrimination[26]

Some research shows that almost half of all university staff named psychological distress as a factor contributing to overall occupational stress. This group also demonstrated emotional exhaustion, job dissatisfaction, and intention to quit their jobs within the next year.[27] symptoms associated with compassion fatigue[12].
factors contributing to compassion fatigue in student affairs professionals

student affairs professionals who are more emotionally connected to the students with whom they work and who display an internal locus of control are found to be more likely to develop compassion fatigue as compared to individuals who have an external locus of control and are able to maintain boundaries between themselves and those with whom they work[28]

picture of Charles Figley
Charles Figley, compassion fatigue researcher

factors mitigating compassion fatigue

effective support networks and being resilient are two factors found to mitigate compassion fatigue as well as engaging in self-care[12]

Scales Used for Assessment Administration Measure Accessible
Professional Quality of Life Measure ProQOL[29] self -test scores relating to compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress online, available
Compassion Fatigue and/Satisfaction Self Test for Helpers[30] self-test scores relating to compassion fatigue online, available
Maslach Burnout Inventory[31] administered scores measuring burnout available for purchase
  1. ^ a b "Student Affairs and Services Competency Model". www.cacuss.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  2. ^ "Issues and challenges in student affairs and services work: A comparison of perspectives from Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand" (PDF). Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Student Services Association.
  3. ^ Lynch, R. Jason; Glass, Chris R. (2019-01). "The Development of the Secondary Trauma in Student Affairs Professionals Scale (STSAP)". Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice. 56 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/19496591.2018.1474757. ISSN 1949-6591. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Schwartz, Kay, J.(Eds) (2010). Mental health care in the college community. UK: Wiley-Blackwell.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Raimondi, Thomas P. (2019-05-04). "Compassion Fatigue in Higher Education: Lessons From Other Helping Fields". Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning. 51 (3): 52–58. doi:10.1080/00091383.2019.1606609. ISSN 0009-1383.
  6. ^ a b Day, Jennifer R.; Anderson, Ruth A. (2011-09-08). "Compassion Fatigue: An Application of the Concept to Informal Caregivers of Family Members with Dementia". Nursing Research and Practice. 2011: 408024. doi:10.1155/2011/408024. PMC 3170786. PMID 22229086.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ a b "Compassion Fatigue - Because You Care" (PDF). St. Petersburg Bar Association Magazine. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 20, 2008. Retrieved February 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  8. ^ Conrad, David; Kellar-Guenther, Yvonne (2006). "Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Compassion Satisfaction among Colorado Child Protection Workers". Child Abuse & Neglect. 30 (10): 1071–1080. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.009. PMID 17014908.
  9. ^ Holcombe, T. Melissa; Strand, Elizabeth B.; Nugent, William R.; Ng, Zenithson Y. (2016). "Veterinary social work: Practice within veterinary settings". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 26 (1): 69. doi:10.1080/10911359.2015.1059170.
  10. ^ Cocker, Fiona; Joss, Nerida (2016-06-22). "Compassion Fatigue among Healthcare, Emergency and Community Service Workers: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13 (6): 618. doi:10.3390/ijerph13060618. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4924075. PMID 27338436.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ "Traumatic Stress & The News Audience". Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma. Archived from the original on 2008-07-15. Retrieved June 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e f Figley, C (Ed) (2002). Treating compassion fatigue. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
  13. ^ "Professional Quality of Life". www.proqol. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  14. ^ a b Day, Jennifer R.; Anderson, Ruth A. (2011-09-08). "Compassion Fatigue: An Application of the Concept to Informal Caregivers of Family Members with Dementia". Nursing Research and Practice. 2011: 408024. doi:10.1155/2011/408024. PMC 3170786. PMID 22229086.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Figley, Charles (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
  16. ^ Conrad, David; Kellar-Guenther, Yvonne (2006). "Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Compassion Satisfaction among Colorado Child Protection Workers". Child Abuse & Neglect. 30 (10): 1071–1080. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.009. PMID 17014908.
  17. ^ Holcombe, T. Melissa; Strand, Elizabeth B.; Nugent, William R.; Ng, Zenithson Y. (2016). "Veterinary social work: Practice within veterinary settings". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 26 (1): 69. doi:10.1080/10911359.2015.1059170.
  18. ^ Sharp Donahoo, Lori M.; Siegrist, Beverly; Garrett-Wright, Dawn (2017-08-16). "Addressing Compassion Fatigue and Stress of Special Education Teachers and Professional Staff Using Mindfulness and Prayer". The Journal of School Nursing. 34 (6): 442–448. doi:10.1177/1059840517725789. ISSN 1059-8405.
  19. ^ Samson, Tali; Shvartzman, Pesach (2018-08-01). "Secondary Traumatization and Proneness to Dissociation Among Palliative Care Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 56 (2): 245–251. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.04.012. ISSN 0885-3924. PMID 29729350.
  20. ^ Backholm, K.; Björkqvist, K. "The effects of exposure to crisis on well-being of journalists: a study of crisis-related factors predicting psychological health in a sample of Finnish journalists". Media, War & Conflict. 3 (2): 138–151. doi:10.1177/1750635210368309. ISSN 1750-6352.
  21. ^ Turgoose, D.; Glover, N.; Barker, C.; Maddox, L. "Empathy, compassion fatigue, and burnout in police officers working with rape victims". Traumatology. 23 (2). doi:10.1037/trm0000118. ISSN 1085-9373.
  22. ^ Cocker, Fiona; Joss, Nerida (2016-06-22). "Compassion Fatigue among Healthcare, Emergency and Community Service Workers: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13 (6): 618. doi:10.3390/ijerph13060618. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4924075. PMID 27338436.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ "Traumatic Stress & The News Audience". Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma. Archived from the original on 2008-07-15. Retrieved June 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  24. ^ Seifert, T. A. Perozzi, B., & Li, W. (2015). Issues and Challenges in Student Affairs and Services Work: A Comparison of Perspectives from Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Journal of the Australian & New Zealand Student Services Association, 45, 41–51.
  25. ^ "Compelled to Act: The Negotiation of Compassion Fatigue among Student Affairs Professionals".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ Lynch, R. Jason; Glass, Chris R. (2019-01). "The Development of the Secondary Trauma in Student Affairs Professionals Scale (STSAP)". Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice. 56 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/19496591.2018.1474757. ISSN 1949-6591. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ Biron, C., Brun, J., & Ivers, H. (2008). Extent and sources of occupational stress in university staff. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 30(4), 511-522. https://www.worldcat.org/
  28. ^ Stoves, D. "Compelled to Act: The Negotiation of Compassion Fatigue among Student Affairs Professionals". ProQuest LLC.
  29. ^ "Professional Quality of Life". www.proqol. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  30. ^ Stamm, B. H.; Figley, C. R. (1996). "Compassion Fatigue Self-Test". PsycTESTS Dataset. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  31. ^ "Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) - Assessments, Tests | Mind Garden - Mind Garden". www.mindgarden.com. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
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