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Article Evaluation[edit]

Calming_signals:

  • The article contains a maintenance template alerting readers that the page requires more links to other articles
  • Questionable references - eg. a Facebook post from Lost & Found Dogs - Virginia
  • No references for any of the examples, only in the lead section
  • Neutral article
  • All sections equally represented
  • Could use more photos to demonstrate the specific behaviours discussed
  • No conversations on the talk page

Adding to an article[edit]

Added a paragraph explaining the 3 main forms of communication among dogs to the page Calming signals. Used [1] as a reference for the added information.

Draft your article - phragmosis[edit]

I will be adding to the existing article phragmosis. This stub article currently has very little information, so I plan to develop a much more detailed page. I have selected several journal articles that have conducted studies on this particular behaviour, which I will incorporate into the Wikipedia page. Below is an outline I intend to use as I develop the article:

Lead[edit]

Here I will introduce the topic, describing what phragmosis is, and how this term was coined. I will introduce each of the examples I will be discussing throughout the article, including the organism that displays this behaviour, as well as a brief description of how/why it is displayed.

Phragmosis in ants[edit]

In this section I will discuss the first example of this behaviour, as displayed in ants. Ants are the most well-known for exhibiting this behaviour, so I feel that it would be appropriate to discuss first. There are several different ant species which use this technique:

I will include photos of the various species to allow readers a visual element along with the text. I have selected journal articles which studied many of these species, including Carebara elmenteitae[3], Blepharidatta conops[1], Stenamma expolitum[4] and Cephalotes pusillus[2]. Thus, these subheadings will include specific details of the referenced studies, allowing the reader to fully understand the mechanism and purpose behind the behaviour, as seen in the specific species.

Phragmosis in gall-forming aphids[edit]

In this section I will discuss the next example of phragmosis, as seen in the gall-forming aphid species Cerataphidini hormaphidinae [5]

*** The journal article I am using here states "Here we report a similar head-plug defense in a gall-forming aphid of the genus Astegopteryx. This species belongs to the tribe Cerataphidini (Hormaphidi- nae).."[5] - does this mean I would write it as Cerataphidini hormaphidinae? Or would I write it as Astegopteryx cerataphidini? Or Astegopteryx cerataphidini hormaphidinae?

Within this section I will reference the journal article Head-plug defense in a gall aphid [5], where this phragmotic behaviour was extensively studied within the species. I will give a physical description of the 'solider' individuals, versus those who do not exhibit the behaviour. The 'soldier' types display sclerotic, protruded heads, with many spine-like setae. [5] I plan to include photos in this section to demonstrate these interesting characteristics displayed.

Phragmosis in frogs[edit]

In this section I will discuss the next example of phragmosis, as seen in two different species of frogs:

Anurans often have peculiar shaped heads, with the skin co-ossified.[7] This type of skull is typically associated with phragmosis; the head protects the animal against predators and enhances water balance.[7] I have found very informative studies on these two particular anuran species, so I intend to use this section to describe how the behaviour of phragmosis can also aid in water economy. I will also include photos in this section as a visual display of the behaviour, and also of the morphology described.

Phragmosis in termites[edit]

This will be my final example of phragmotic behaviour, as displayed in termites. This section will be based solely on the journal article Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich’s classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology.[8] This study included all four termites subfamilies: Macrotermitinae, Apicotermitinae, Termiti- nae and Nasutitermitinae.[8] Four additional families were also included: Kalotermitidae, Ho- dotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.[8] Due to the large number of species considered in this article, I feel that I have plenty of information to create an informative display of this behaviour within termite species. The journal article mentioned above also contains excellent figures showcasing the head morphologies displayed in phragmotic termites. I will likely include these diagrams to illustrate points within this section.

Bibliography[edit]

  1. ^ a b Brandão, C. R. F.; Diniz, J. L. M.; Silva, P. R.; Albuquerque, N. L.; Silvestre, R. "The first case of intranidal phragmosis in ants. The ergatoid queen of Blepharidatta conops (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) blocks the entrance of the brood chamber". Insectes Sociaux. 48 (3): 251–258. doi:10.1007/pl00001774.
  2. ^ a b Baroni Urbani, C. "The number of castes in ants, where major is smaller than minor and queens wear the shield of the soldiers". Insectes Sociaux. 45 (3): 315–333. doi:10.1007/s000400050091.
  3. ^ a b Fischer, Georg; Azorsa, Frank; Garcia, Francisco Hita; Mikheyev, Alexander; Economo, Evan (2015-05-10). "Two new phragmotic ant species from Africa: morphology and next-generation sequencing solve a caste association problem in the genus Carebara Westwood". ZooKeys. 525: 77–105. doi:10.3897/zookeys.525.6057. ISSN 1313-2970.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b Longino, John T. (2005-12-01). "Complex Nesting Behavior by Two Neotropical Species of the Ant Genus Stenamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)1". Biotropica. 37 (4): 670–675. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00085.x. ISSN 1744-7429.
  5. ^ a b c d Kurosu, U.; Narukawa, J.; Buranapanichpan, S.; Aoki, S. "Head-plug defense in a gall aphid". Insectes Sociaux. 53 (1): 86–91. doi:10.1007/s00040-005-0839-4.
  6. ^ Firschein, I. Lester (1951). "Phragmosis and the "Unken Reflex" in a Mexican Hylid Frog, Pternohyla fodiens". Copeia. 1951 (1): 74–74. doi:10.2307/1438060.
  7. ^ a b c Jared, C.; Antoniazzi, M. M.; Navas, C. A.; Katchburian, E.; Freymüller, E.; Tambourgi, D. V.; Rodrigues, M. T. (2005-01-01). "Head co-ossification, phragmosis and defence in the casque-headed tree frog Corythomantis greeningi". Journal of Zoology. 265 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1017/s0952836904005953. ISSN 1469-7998.
  8. ^ a b c Scholtz, Olivia I.; Macleod, Norman; Eggleton, Paul (2008-08-01). "Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 153 (4): 631–650. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00396.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
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