Tables

**Table 1: Defined Axes in Vertebrate Zoology**
Directional term	Defined Axis	Synonyms	Axis runs...
Anterior	Anteroposterior	Rostrocaudal¹, Craniocaudal¹, Cephalocaudal²	...from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
Posterior	Anteroposterior	Rostrocaudal¹, Craniocaudal¹, Cephalocaudal²	...from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
Dorsal	Dorsoventral	—	...from spinal column (back) to belly (front).
Ventral	Dorsoventral	—	...from spinal column (back) to belly (front).
Left (lateral)	Left-right	Dextro-sinister², Sinistro-dexter²	...from left to right sides of body.
Right (lateral)	Left-right	Dextro-sinister², Sinistro-dexter²	...from left to right sides of body.
Medial	Mediolateral³	—	...from centre of organism to one or other side.
Left or right (lateral)	Mediolateral³	—	...from centre of organism to one or other side.
Proximal	Proximodistal	—	...from tip of an appendage to where it joins the body.
Distal	Proximodistal	—	...from tip of an appendage to where it joins the body.
Notes: (1) Fairly common usage. (2) Uncommon usage. (3) Equivalent to one-half of the left-right axis. (The terms "intermediate", "ipsilateral", "contralateral", "superficial" and "deep", while indicating directions, are relative terms and thus do not properly define fixed anatomical axes.)

Comparison of Directional Terms used in
Vertebrate Zoology and Human Anatomy
Vertebrate zootomy		Human anatomy
Direction	Synonyms	Direction	Synonyms
Anterior	Rostral, Cranial, Cephalic¹	Superior	Same¹
Posterior	Caudal	Inferior	Caudal¹
Dorsal	—	Posterior	Dorsal²
Ventral	—	Anterior	Ventral¹
Left (lateral)	Sinister¹	Same	—
Right (lateral)	Dexter¹	Same	—
Medial	—	Same	—
Proximal	—	Same	—
Distal	—	Same	—
Intermediate³	—	Same	—
Ipsilateral³	—	Same	—
Contralateral³	—	Same	—
Superficial³	—	Same	—
Deep³	—	Same	—
Notes: (1) Rarely used. (2) Used only to describe one side of an appendage. (3) Strictly relative term, used with other locational descriptors.

Comparison of Directional Terms used in
Radially-Symmetrical¹ and Bilaterally-Symmetrical Animals
Bilateral Bauplans		Radial Bauplans
Direction	Synonyms	Direction	Synonyms
Anterior	Rostral, Cranial, Cephalic²	Oral	Apical³
Posterior	Caudal²	Aboral	Basal³
Dorsal	—	Peripheral^4,5	—
Ventral	—	Peripheral^4,5	—
Left (lateral)	Sinister	Peripheral^4,5	—
Right (lateral)	Dexter	Peripheral^4,5	—
Medial	—	Same⁶	—
Proximal	—	Same	—
Distal	—	Same	—
Notes: (1) Includes both Radiates and (pentaradial) adult Echinoderms. (2) Rarely used. (3) Only in organisms attached to a substrate. (4) Vertebrate equivalents are meaningless in radial animals. (5) Roughly equivalent to "superficial". (6) Roughly equivalent to "deep".

**Comparison of Axes in Vertebrate Zoology and Human Anatomy**
Vertebrate zootomy		Human anatomy
Defined Axis	Synonyms	Defined Axis	Synonyms
Anteroposterior	Rostrocaudal¹, Cranio-caudal¹, Cephalocaudal²	Superior-inferior	Craniocaudal³, Cephalocaudal³
Dorsoventral	—	Anteroposterior	Dorsoventral³
Left-right	Dextro-sinister², Sinistro-dexter²	Same	—
Mediolateral⁴	—	Same	—
Proximodistal	—	Same	—
Notes: (1) Fairly common usage. (2) Uncommon usage. (3) Rarely used. (4) Equivalent to one-half of the left-right axis. (The terms "intermediate", "ipsilateral", "contralateral", "superficial" and "deep", while indicating directions, are relative terms and thus do not properly define fixed anatomical axes.)

**Comparison of Sectional Planes in Vertebrate Zoology and Human Anatomy**
Defining Vertebrate Axes	Vertebrate zootomy¹		Human anatomy
Defining Vertebrate Axes	Plane	Synonyms	Plane	Synonyms
Dorsoventral	Transverse	Cross-sectional²	Same	—
Left-right (mediolateral)	Transverse	Cross-sectional²	Same	—
Anteroposterior	Sagittal³	Midsagittal, parasagittal⁴	Same	Median³, midsagittal, parasagittal⁴
Dorsoventral	Sagittal³	Midsagittal, parasagittal⁴	Same	Median³, midsagittal, parasagittal⁴
Anteroposterior	Frontal⁵	Coronal	Coronal⁵	Frontal
Left-right (Mediolateral)	Frontal⁵	Coronal	Coronal⁵	Frontal
Proximodistal	Transverse⁶	Longitudinal⁷	Coronal⁸	Frontal⁷
Left-right (Mediolateral)	Transverse⁶	Longitudinal⁷	Coronal⁸	Frontal⁷
Proximodistal	Parasagittal⁹	Variable¹⁰	Same⁸	Sagittal¹¹
Dorsoventral	Parasagittal⁹	Variable¹⁰	Same⁸	Sagittal¹¹
None or only one	Oblique	Variable¹²	Same	Variable¹²
Notes: (1) Same terms may be applied to bilaterally-symmetrical invertebrates. (2) Plane is "transverse"; a physical section is often a "cross-section". (3) "True" sagittal is actually midsagittal; divides the body into equal left-right halves. (4) Parasagittal divides the body into unequal left-right parts. (5) Preferred, due to position of head relative to trunk. (6) If section includes both body and appendage. (7) If section includes only to the appendage. (8) Technically preferred, due to position of limb relative to body. (9)For appendages not on midline (limbs and paired fins); "sagittal" for medial (dorsal, ventral, caudal) fins. (10) Depends on position of appendage relative to body. (11) Only if referring to midline of limb itself. (12) If following one axis, may be referred to as "oblique transverse", for example.

**Battle Honours**
1916	1917	1918
Mount Sorrel	Arras 1917-18	Amiens
Somme 1916	Vimy 1917	Scarpe 1918
Flers-Courcelette	Hill 70	Hindenburg Line
Ancre Heights	Ypres 1917	Canal du Nord
	Passchendaele	Cambrai 1918
		Valenciennes
		Sambre
France and Flanders 1915-18