User:Eulemur2008/Infoboxes
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Mast cells[edit]
Mast cells have been found to be involved in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This stems from evidence such as the mast cells possession of toll-like receptors and the ability of mast cells to interact with dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells to help mediate adaptive immune functions. Mast cells have been shown to express working MHC class II molecules and can participate in antigen presentation. However the mast cell's role in antigen presentation is not very well understood.[1] Mast cells have been shown to phagocytose, kill, and process antigens from gram-negative bacteria,[2] such as salmonella, and that a mast cells' ability to process antigens is linked to the fimbrial proteins on the surface of bacteria.[3] In addition to these functions mast cells produce cytokines that induce an inflammatory response. [4] This is a vital part of the destruction of microbes because they attract more phagocytes to the site of infection.[2]
Evolutionary origins[edit]
The ability of amoebas to distinguish between self and non-self is a pivotal one that is also found in the immune system.[5]
Tables[edit]
| Location | Variety of phenotypes |
|---|---|
| Bone marrow | macrophages, monocytes, sinusoidal cells, lining cells |
| Bone tissue | osteoclasts |
| Gut and intestinal Peyer patches | macrophages |
| Connective tissue | histiocytes, macrophages, monocytes |
| Liver | Kupffler cells, monocytes |
| Lung | self-replicating macrophages, monocytes, mast cells |
| Lymphoid tissue | free and fixed macrophages and monocytes |
| Nervous tissue | microglial cells (CD4+) |
| Spleen | free and fixed macrohpages, monocytes, sinusoidal cells |
| Thymus | free and fixed macrophages and monocytes |
| Skin | resident Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, conventional macrophages, mast cells |
| Variety of phenotypes |
|---|
| Lymphocytes |
| NK and LGL cells |
| Epithelial cells |
| Endothelial cells |
| Fibroblasts |
| Erythrocytes |
Immunological tolerance[edit]
Dendritic cells also serve the function of promoting immunological tolerance.[7] Immunological tolerance is important because it keeps the body from attacking itself. The first type of immunological tolerance is central tolerance: When T-cells first depart from the thymus, dendritic cells destroy the T-cells that carry antigens that would cause the immune system to attack itself. The second type of immunological tolerance is peripheral tolerance. Some T-cells that posses antigens that would cause them to attack self slip through the first process of tolerance, some T-cells develop self-attacking antigens later in life, and some self-attacking antigens are not found in the thymus; because of this dendritic cells, again, restrain their activity. Dendritic cells can do this by destroying them or by recruiting the help of regulatory T-cells to inactivate the harmful T-cells' activities.[8] When immunological tolerance fails, an autoimmune diseases can follow.[9] On the other hand, too much tolerance allows some diseases, like HIV, to go unnoticed.[8]
Intro sentences[edit]
- Dendritic cells also serve the function of promoting immunological tolerance;[10] this keeps the body from attacking itself.[8]
- Amoebas behave much like macrophages and also have the ability (a pivotal one in the immune system) to distinguish between self and non-self when feeding.[11]
- ^ Stelekati, E (2007). "Mast cells in allergy: innate instructors of adaptive responses". Immunobiology. 212 (6): 505–19. PMID 17544835. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Malaviya, R (2001). "Mast cell modulation of immune responses to bacteria". Immunological reviews. 179: 16–24. PMID 11292019. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Malaviya, R (1996). "Mast cells process bacterial Ags through a phagocytic route for class I MHC presentation to T cells". Immunological reviews. 156 (4): 1490–6. PMID 8568252. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Taylor, ML (2001). "Mast cells in allergy and host defense". Allergy and asthma proceedings: the official journal of regional and state allergy societies. 22 (3): 115–9. PMID 11424870. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Janeway, Charles A. (2001). Immunobiology:Evolution of the innate immune system. Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4123-9.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Paoletti p. 427
- ^ Lange, C (2007). "Dendritic cell-regulatory T-cell interactions control self-directed immunity". Immunology and cell biology. 85 (8): 575–81. PMID 17592494. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Steinman, Ralph M. (2004). "Dendritic Cells and Immune Tolerance". The Rockefeller University. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
- ^ Romagnani, S (2006). "Immunological tolerance and autoimmunity". Internal and emergency medicine. 1 (3): 187–96. PMID 17120464. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Lange, C (2007). "Dendritic cell-regulatory T-cell interactions control self-directed immunity". Immunology and cell biology. 85 (8): 575–81. PMID 17592494. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Janeway, Charles A. (2001). Immunobiology:Evolution of the innate immune system. Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4123-9.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)