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Catholic Church in Vietnam
Giáo hội Công giáo Việt Nam
The Cathedrals of Phát Diệm, Bùi Chu, Hanoi, and Saigon represent various architectural styles of Vietnamese, Baroque, Gothique, and Romanesque.
Classification	Catholic
Orientation	Latin
Scripture	Bible
Polity	Episcopal
Governance	Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
Pope	Francis
CBCV President	Joseph Nguyễn Năng
Papal Representative	Marek Zalewski
Language	Vietnamese, Latin, English
Origin	1615
Members	7 million

The Catholic Church in Vietnam is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of bishops in Vietnam who are in communion with the pope in Rome. Catholicism was introduced to Vietnam in the 16th century and firmly established by Portuguese and Italian missionaries of the Jesuit Order in the early 17th century.

This foundation was upheld by the French Paris Foreign Missions Society and the Spanish Dominican Order. The first Vietnamese priests were ordained in 1668, and the first Vietnamese bishops were appointed in the 1930s. In 1960, the Vietnamese Hierarchy was formally established. Once known as the eldest daughter of the Church in the Far East, Vietnam currently has approximately 7 million Catholics.

Làng Sông Church, once the seat of the Apostolic Vicariate of Quinhon.

A 19th-century khảm xà cừ cross.

Three Catholics confess their faith and refuse to step over the cross.

A procession to venerate Our Lady. The wooden palanquin has been constructed using traditional methods.

Mid Modern periods

Early Nguyễn dynasty, 1802–1858

Toleration of Christians

Persecution of Christians

French conquest of Vietnam, 1858–1887

Anti-Christian massacres

French Indochina, 1887–1945

Emergence of a national church

Vietnam divided, 1954–1975

1954–1955 Great Migration

Bibliography

Monographs

• Ramsay, Jacob (2008). Mandarins and Martyrs: The Church and the Nguyen Dynasty in Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnam. Stanford University Press. doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804756518.001.0001. ISBN 9780804756518.
• Keith, Charles (2012). Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/california/9780520272477.001.0001. ISBN 9780520272477.
• Mantienne, Frédéric (2012). Pierre Pigneaux: Évêque d’Adran et mandarin de Cochinchine (1741–1799). Les Indes savantes. ISBN 9782846542883.
• Dutton, George E. (2016). A Vietnamese Moses: Philiphê Bỉnh and the Geographies of Early Modern Catholicism. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/luminos.22. ISBN 9780520293434.
• Tran, Anh Q. (2017). Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001. ISBN 9780190677602.
• Tran, Anh Q. (2018). "The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007". Jesuit Historiography Online. Brill. doi:10.1163/2468-7723_jho_COM_210470.

Doctoral theses:

• Trân, Thi Liên (1997). Les catholiques vietnamiens pendant la Guerre d'indépendance, 1945–1954: entre la reconquête coloniale et la résistance communiste (PhD). Institut d'études politiques de Paris.
• Forest, Alain (1997). Les missionnaires français au Tonkin et au Siam (XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles): analyse comparée d'un relatif succès et d'un total échec (PhD). Université Paris VII-Diderot.
• Massot-Marin, Catherine (1998). Le rôle de missionnaires français en Cochinchine aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles: fidélité à Rome et volonté d'indépendance (PhD). Université Paris IV-Sorbonne.
• Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2006). The Nôm Works of Geronimo Maiorica, S.J. (1589–1656) and Their Christology (PhD). Cornell University.
• Houssol, Jean-François (2009). Les catholiques nord-vietnamiens et la théorie des Dominos dans la Guerre d'Indochine: enjeux d'une géopolitique de la guerre froide entre l'est et l'ouest (PhD). Université Paris VII-Diderot.
• Ngo, Lan A. (2016). Nguyễn–Catholic History (1770s–1890s) and the Gestation of Vietnamese Catholic National Identity (PhD). Georgetown University.
• Le, Thi Hoa (2018). L'enseignement catholique aux prises avec les mutations de la société et de l'Eglise au Vietnam de 1930 à 1990 (PhD). Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité.

Book chapters

• Alberts, Tara (2013). "Priests of a Foreign God: Catholic Religious Leadership and Sacral Authority in Seventeenth-Century Tonkin and Cochinchina". In Alberts, Tara; Irving, D. R. M. (eds.). Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World. I.B. Tauris. pp. 84–117. ISBN 9780857722836.
• Alberts, Tara (2018). "Missions in Vietnam". In Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia (ed.). A Companion to the Early Modern Catholic Global Missions. Brill. pp. 269–302. ISBN 9789004355286.
• Cooke, Nola (2013). "Early Christian Conversion in Seventeenth-Century Cochinchina". In Young, Richard Fox; Seitz, Jonathan A. (eds.). Asia in the Making of Christianity: Conversion, Agency, and Indigeneity, 1600s to the Present. Brill. pp. 29–52. ISBN 9789004251298.
• Daughton, James P. (2006). "Recasting Pigneau de Béhaine: Missionaries and the Politics of French Colonial History, 1894–1914". In Tran, Nhung Tuyet; Reid, Anthony (eds.). Viêt Nam: Borderless Histories. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 290–322. ISBN 9780299217747.
• Dutton, George (2006). "Christians and Christianity in the Tây Sơn Era". The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 175–196. ISBN 9780824829841.
• Goscha, Christopher E. (2011). "Catholics in Vietnam and the War; Lê Hữu Từ; Vatican". Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954): An International and Interdisciplinary Approach. NIAS Press. pp. 90–91, 262–263, 481–482. ISBN 9788776940638. Online resource.
• Hoang, Tuan (2023). "Pray the Rosary and Do Apostolic Work: The Modern Vietnamese Catholic Associational Culture". In Luu, Trinh M.; Vu, Tuong (eds.). Republican Vietnam, 1963–1975: War, Society, Diaspora. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 189–202. ISBN 9780824895181.
• Makino, Motonori (2009). "The Vietnamese Written Languages and European Missionaries: From the Society of Jesus to the Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris". In Shinzo, Kawamura; Veliath, Cyril (eds.). Beyond Borders: A Global Perspective of Jesuit Mission History. Sophia University Press. pp. 342–349. ISBN 9784324086100.
• Makino, Motonori (2020). "Native Priests in Christian Societies in the Northern Regions of Pre-Colonial Vietnam: The Appearance of a Glocal Elite?". In Hirosue, Masashi (ed.). A History of the Social Integration of Visitors, Migrants, and Colonizers in Southeast Asia: Role of Local Collaborators. Toyo Bunko. pp. 35–73. ISBN 9784809703034.
• Marr, David G. (2013). "Catholics: Allies or Enemies?". Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946). University of California Press. pp. 428–441. ISBN 9780520274150.
• Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2023). "Vietnamese Catholics' Search for Independence, 1941–1963". In Foster, Elizabeth A.; Greenberg, Udi (eds.). Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 51–66. ISBN 9781512824971.
• Ostrowski, Brian (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.). Vietnam and the West: New Approaches. Cornell University Press. pp. 19–39. ISBN 9780877277828.
• Ramsay, Jacob (2007). "Miracles and Myths: Vietnam Seen through Its Catholic History". In Taylor, Philip (ed.). Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam. ISEAS Publishing. pp. 371–398. ISBN 9789812304568.
• Stur, Heather Marie (2020). "The Catholic Opposition and Political Repression". Saigon at War: South Vietnam and the Global Sixties. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–222. ISBN 9781316676752.
• Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2004). "Les catholiques et la République démocratique du Viêt Nam (1945–1954): une approche biographique". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). Naissance d’un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945. Les Indes savantes. pp. 253–276. ISBN 9782846540643.
• Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2009). "Les catholiques vietnamiens et le mouvement moderniste: quelques éléments de réflexion sur la question de modernité fin xix^e – début xx^e siècle". In Gantès, Gilles de; Nguyen, Phuong Ngoc (eds.). Vietnam: Le moment moderniste. Presses universitaires de Provence. pp. 177–196. ISBN 9782821885653.
• Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2005). "Les Amantes de la Croix: An Early Modern Vietnamese Sisterhood". In Bousquet, Gisèle; Taylor, Nora (eds.). Le Viêt Nam au féminin. Les Indes savantes. pp. 51–66. ISBN 9782846540759.
• Wilcox, Wynn (2010). "Đặng Đức Tuấn and the Complexities of Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Christian Identity". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.). Vietnam and the West: New Approaches. Cornell University Press. pp. 71–87. ISBN 9780877277828.

Journal articles

• Alberts, Tara (2012). "Catholic Written and Oral Cultures in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam". Journal of Early Modern History. 16 (4–5): 383–402. doi:10.1163/15700658-12342325.
• Chu, Lan T. (2008). "Catholicism vs. Communism, Continued: The Catholic Church in Vietnam". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (1): 151–192. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.1.151.
• Cooke, Nola (2004). "Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Catholics and Others in the Pages of the Annales de la Propagation de la Foi". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 35 (2): 261–285. doi:10.1017/S0022463404000141.
• Cooke, Nola (2008). "Strange Brew: Global, Regional and Local Factors behind the 1690 Prohibition of Christian Practice in Nguyễn Cochinchina". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 39 (3): 383–409. doi:10.1017/S0022463408000313.
• Du, Yuqing (2022). "Reconfiguring Inculturations: Hội Đồng Tứ Giáo and Interfaith Dialogues in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 38–63. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.38.
• Hansen, Peter (2009). "Bắc Di Cư: Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954–1959". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 4 (3): 173–211. doi:10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.173.
• Hoang, Tuan (2019). "Ultramontanism, Nationalism, and the Fall of Saigon: Historicizing the Vietnamese American Catholic Experience". American Catholic Studies. 130 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1353/acs.2019.0014.
• Hoang, Tuan (2022). ""Our Lady's Immaculate Heart Will Prevail": Vietnamese Marianism and Anticommunism, 1940–1975". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 126–157. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.126.
• Keith, Charles (2008). "Annam Uplifted: The First Vietnamese Catholic Bishops and the Birth of a National Church, 1919–1945". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (2): 128–171. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.2.128.
• Makino, Motonori (2013). "Local Administrators and the Nguyen Dynasty's Suppression of Christianity during the Reign of Minh Mang 1820–1841". Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (71): 109–139.
• Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2016). "Fighting the First Indochina War Again? Catholic Refugees in South Vietnam, 1954–59". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 31 (1): 207–246. doi:10.1355/sj31-1f.
• Nguyen, Thao (2019). "Resistance, Negotiation and Development: The Roman Catholic Church in Vietnam, 1954–2010". Studies in World Christianity. 25 (3): 297–323. doi:10.3366/swc.2019.0269.
• Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2009). "Tools of Empire? Vietnamese Catholics in South Vietnam". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association. 20 (2): 138–159. doi:10.7202/044402ar.
• Ngô, Lân (2022). "Prophets and Zealots: The 1873 Synodal Document, Nonconformist Confucianism, and the Vietnamese Clergy". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 64–92. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.64.
• Nyan, Francis (2011). "Half-Brothers: The Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes in Vietnam, 1900–1945". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 6 (3): 1–43. doi:10.1525/vs.2011.6.3.1.
• Ramsay, Jacob (2004). "Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s–1840s Vietnam". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 35 (2): 311–328. doi:10.1017/S0022463404000165.
• Tran, Anh Q. (2022). "Catholicism and the Development of the Vietnamese Alphabet, 1620–1898". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 9–37. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.9.
• Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2005). "The Catholic Question in North Vietnam: From Polish Sources, 1954–56". Cold War History. 5 (4): 427–449. doi:10.1080/14682740500284747.
• Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2013). "The Challenge for Peace within South Vietnam's Catholic Community: A History of Peace Activism". Peace & Change: A Journal of Peace Research. 38 (4): 446–473. doi:10.1111/pech.12040.
• Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2020). "The Role of Education Mobilities and Transnational Networks in the Building of a Modern Vietnamese Catholic Elite (1920s–1950s)". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 35 (2): 243–270. doi:10.1355/sj35-2c.
• Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2022). "Thanh Lao Công [Young Christian Workers] in Tonkin, 1935–1945: From Social to Political Activism". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 93–125. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.93.

Supplementaries

Comparative history

• Alberts, Tara (2013a). Conflict and Conversion: Catholicism in Southeast Asia, 1500–1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199646265.
• Daughton, James P. (2006a). An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, and the Making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195305302.
• Hoang, Tuan (2022a). "New Histories of Vietnamese Catholicism". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 1–8. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.1.
• Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018). "A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963". The Journal of Asian Studies. 77 (3): 741–771. doi:10.1017/S0021911818000505.
• Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2021). "Victims of Atheist Persecution: Transnational Catholic Solidarity and Refugee Protection in Cold War Asia". In Meyer, Birgit; Veer, Peter van der (eds.). Refugees and Religion: Ethnographic Studies of Global Trajectories. Bloomsbury. pp. 51–67. ISBN 9781350167162.
• Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2013a). "Communist State and Religious Policy in Vietnam: A Historical Perspective". Hague Journal on the Rule of Law. 5 (2): 229–252. doi:10.1017/S1876404512001133.

General history

• Miller, Edward (2004). "Vision, Power and Agency: The Ascent of Ngô Đình Diệm, 1945–54". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 35 (3): 433–458. doi:10.1017/S0022463404000220.
• Taylor, K. W. (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139021210.
• Goscha, Christopher (2016). Vietnam: A New History. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465094370.
• Tran, Nu-Anh (2022). Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam. University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 9780824887865.
• Hoang, Tuan (2023a). "The August Revolution, the Fall of Saigon, and Postwar Reeducation Camps: Understanding Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism". In Ho Peché, Linda; Vo, Alex-Thai Dinh; Vu, Tuong (eds.). Toward a Framework for Vietnamese American Studies: History, Community, and Memory. Temple University Press. pp. 76–94. ISBN 9781439922903.

Miscellaneous

• Lê Thị Hoa Maria (2020). "Văn học Công giáo và đạo Công giáo đã góp phần xây dựng lịch sử và xã hội Việt Nam trong niềm tin như thế nào?". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Văn học (7 #581): 31–41.
• Luria, Keith P. (2017a). "Narrating Women's Catholic Conversions in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam". In Ditchfield, Simon; Smith, Helen (eds.). Conversions: Gender and Religious Change in Early Modern Europe. Manchester University Press. pp. 195–215. ISBN 9780719099151.
• Luria, Keith P. (2017b). "Catholic Marriage and the Customs of the Country: Building a New Religious Community in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam". French Historical Studies. 40 (3): 457–473. doi:10.1215/00161071-3857016.
• Michaud, Jean (2004). "Missionary Ethnographers in Upper-Tonkin: The Early Years, 1895–1920". Asian Ethnicity. 5 (2): 179–194. doi:10.1080/1463136042000221876.
• Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2017). "The Vietnamization of Personalism: The Role of Missionaries in the Spread of Personalism in Vietnam, 1930–1961". French Colonial History. 17: 103–134. doi:10.14321/frencolohist.17.1.0103.
• Nguyễn Thế Nam (2016). "Khái lược về Hán Nôm Công giáo". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo (3 #153): 65–79.
• Pham, Ly Thi Kieu (2019). "The True Editor of the Manuductio ad linguam Tunkinensem (Seventeenth- to Eighteenth-Century Vietnamese Grammar)". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 14 (2): 68–92. doi:10.1525/vs.2019.14.2.68.
• Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2014). "H-Diplo Article Reviews No. 485 – 'Phát Diệm Nationalism, Religion and Identity in the Franco-Việt Minh War'". H-Net.
• Trần Quốc Anh (2020). "Từ Phép giảng tám ngày đến Hội đồng Tứ giáo (Các tác phẩm hộ giáo trong văn chương Công giáo Việt Nam thế kỷ XVII–XIX)". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Văn học (7 #581): 71–84.
• Tran, Thi Phuong Phuong (2020). "The first encounters of Vietnam with the Western literature in the 17th century (a case study of Jeronimo Maiorica's Nôm hagiographic writings)". Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 4 (4): 71–80. doi:10.24411/2618-9453-2020-10035.
• Trần Văn Toàn (2003). "Tam giáo chư vọng (1752) – Một cuốn sách viết tay bàn về tôn giáo Việt Nam". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo (1 #19): 47–54. Viện Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam.
• Trần Văn Toàn (2005a). "Tôn giáo Việt Nam trong thế kỉ XVIII theo cái nhìn tổng hợp của giáo sĩ phương Tây đương thời ở Đàng Ngoài". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo (1 #31): 60–68.
• Trần Văn Toàn (2005b). "Tôn giáo Việt Nam trong thế kỉ XVIII theo cái nhìn tổng hợp của giáo sĩ phương Tây đương thời ở Đàng Ngoài (tiếp theo)". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo (2 #32): 15–20.
• Trần Văn Toàn (2007). "Western Missionaries' Overview on Religion in Tonkin (North of Vietnam) in the 18th Century". Religious Studies Review. 1 (3): 14–28. Institute for Religious Studies, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences.
• Volkov, Alexei (2008). "Traditional Vietnamese Astronomy in Accounts of Jesuit Missionaries". In Saraiva, Luís; Jami, Catherine (eds.). The Jesuits, the Padroado and East Asian Science (1552–1773). History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia. Vol. III. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 161–185. ISBN 9789814474269.
• Volkov, Alexei (2012). "Evangelization, Politics, and Technology Transfer in the 17th-Century Cochinchina: The Case of João da Cruz". In Saraiva, Luís (ed.). Europe and China: Science and the Arts in the 17th and 18th Centuries. History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia. Vol. IV. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 31–67. ISBN 9789814401579.
• Vũ Thị Ngọc Anh (2022). "Nhận diện tính bản địa của nhà thờ Công giáo kiến trúc gỗ tại Việt Nam". Tạp chí Khoa học Công nghệ Xây dựng. 16 (4V): 98–115.

Critical primary sources:

• Dror, Olga, ed. (2002). Opusculum de Sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses: A Small Treatise on the Sects among the Chinese and Tonkinese. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780877277323.
• Dror, Olga; Taylor, K. W., eds. (2006). Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780877277415.