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Borrelia mayonii is a gram-negative, host-associated spirochete that is capable of causing Lyme Disease.[1] [2]This organism can infect various vertebrate and invertebrate hosts such as humans and ticks, primarily Ixodes scapularis.[2] [3]Migratory songbirds play a role in the dispersal of the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis, across long distances, indirectly dispersing Borrelia mayonii as well.[4]
| Borrelia mayonii | |
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| Species: | B. mayonii
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| Borrelia mayonii Pritt et. al 2016
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Phylogenetic Information
[edit]Borrelia mayonii was identified as a sensu lato, broad sense, genospecies (Bbsl) of the known microbe, Borrelia burgdorferi.[5] A genospecies is a cluster of organisms with similar core genes that usually does undergo genetic recombination with diverged organisms.[6] Two isolates, gene strains, of B. mayonii, named MN14-1420 and MN14-1539, were sequenced, process of arranging a chain of genetic information to match up to a specific organism's genetic code, and compared to the genome or genetic material of Borrelia burgdorferi.[5] With a nucleotide similarity of 93.83% in the linear chromosome compared to other known genospecies, B. mayonii can be considered a new genospecies (Bbsl).[5]
Discovery
[edit]Borrelia mayonii is a bacterial genospecies discovered in midwestern areas within the United States.[5] It was discovered by Pritt and colleagues at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota during routine polymerase chain reaction or PCR of the oppA1 gene of B. burgdorferi in 2016.[3] According to Pritt, six samples were atypical and did not resemble any known species. These atypical microbes or microorganisms were later named after the Mayo Clinic as a new genospecies. The spirochaete, a flexible and spiral twist bacteria, was also detected in the blood of infected individuals using PCR and microscopy and was cultivated or grown in a modified BSK (Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly) plate, a microbe growth plate consisting of bovine serum albumin and rabbit serum,[7] at 34℃ under oxygen levels lower than that of normal atmospheric conditions, centrifuged at 8000X g for 10 minutes, isolated using Qiagen DNA kit, and washed using dH2O.[5]
This genospecies has the potential to cause Lyme borreliosis or Lyme Disease.[3]
Genomics
[edit]The B. mayonii genome is about 1.31 Mbp or megabase pairs with an average 26.9% GC, guanine and cytosine, content.[5] It has a linear chromosome with an additional 15 plasmids, 8 linear and 7 circular.[5] The genomes of the two isolates have similar plasmids seen in Borrelia burgdorferi. The MN14-1420 isolate have a vls locus, a specific position on a chromosome, consisting of 24 silent cassettes, a mobile gene that floats around.[5] B. burgdorferi have 15 silent cassettes with a vlsE expression site.[8] The vls locus with the vlsE site, as it is present in strain B. burgdorferi B31, encodes a lipoprotein, a fatty protein, that allows B. burgdorferi to infect various mammalian hosts.[8][9] B. mayonii may also utilize this locus as a mechanism of evading host immune system. However, the isolates lack various genomic regions seen in B. burgdorferi such as the region that code for CspZ (complement inhibitor) and BB_K32 (fibronectin binding protein).[5]
Metabolism
[edit]Since this organism is an obligate parasite, its metabolism outside of the host is unclear. However, B. mayonii has genes for purine salvage, a type of nucleotide salvage, and metabolism, but its utilization of these genes is unknown.[5] According to IMG (Integrated Microbial Genomes), this parasite has genes that allow this organism to synthesize various amino acids such as L-alanine, L-glutamate, glycine, L-asparagine, and L-glutamine.[10]
Disease
[edit]Infection by B. mayonii is also transferred from the bite of Ixodes scapularis, a tick.[11] Borellia mayonii causes Lyme disease like Borrelia burgdorferi with the symptoms of fever, headache, rash, neck pain, and arthritis. However, B. mayonii also has additional symptoms differentiating it from B. burgdorferi, such as nausea, vomiting, macular rash, and neurological symptoms.[3] To identify infection of B. mayonii, we can use blood smears, slides with blood samples on them for use with a microscope.[12] Mayonii spirochetes in blood smears indicate a positive infection for Lyme disease caused by B. mayonii.[12] Another alternative is using Lyme disease PCR tests which is currently only available at the Mayo Clinic.[12] To treat this infection, the current drug of choice is doxycycline, an antibiotic, over a 2 to 4 week course.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ Margulis, L; Ashen, J B; Solé, M; Guerrero, R (1993-08-01). "Composite, large spirochetes from microbial mats: spirochete structure review". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (15): 6966–6970. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 47056. PMID 8346204.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Barbour, A G; Hayes, S F (1986-12-01). "Biology of Borrelia species". Microbiological Reviews. 50 (4): 381–400. ISSN 0146-0749. PMC 373079. PMID 3540570.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c d Pritt, Bobbi S; Mead, Paul S; Johnson, Diep K Hoang; Neitzel, David F; Respicio-Kingry, Laurel B; Davis, Jeffrey P; Schiffman, Elizabeth; Sloan, Lynne M; Schriefer, Martin E (2016-05-01). "Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 556–564. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00464-8. ISSN 1473-3099.
- ^ Scott, John D.; Anderson, John F.; Durden, Lance A. (2012-02-01). "Widespread dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks collected from songbirds across Canada". The Journal of Parasitology. 98 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1645/GE-2874.1. ISSN 1937-2345. PMID 21864130.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kingry, Luke C.; Batra, Dhwani; Replogle, Adam; Rowe, Lori A.; Pritt, Bobbi S.; Petersen, Jeannine M. (2016-12-28). "Whole Genome Sequence and Comparative Genomics of the Novel Lyme Borreliosis Causing Pathogen, Borrelia mayonii". PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0168994. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168994. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5193363. PMID 28030649.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Kumar, Nitin; Lad, Ganesh; Giuntini, Elisa; Kaye, Maria E.; Udomwong, Piyachat; Shamsani, N. Jannah; Young, J. Peter W.; Bailly, Xavier (2015-01-01). "Bacterial genospecies that are not ecologically coherent: population genomics of Rhizobium leguminosarum". Open Biology. 5 (1): 140133. doi:10.1098/rsob.140133. ISSN 2046-2441. PMC 4313370. PMID 25589577.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Wang, Guiqing; Iyer, Radha; Bittker, Susan; Cooper, Denise; Small, Jennifer; Wormser, Gary P.; Schwartz, Ira (2004-11-01). "Variations in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly Culture Medium Modulate Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Borrelia burgdorferi Clinical Isolates". Infection and Immunity. 72 (11): 6702–6706. doi:10.1128/IAI.72.11.6702-6706.2004. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 523011. PMID 15501807.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Zhang, Jing-Ren; Norris, Steven J. (1998-08-01). "Genetic Variation of the Borrelia burgdorferi Gene vlsE Involves Cassette-Specific, Segmental Gene Conversion". Infection and Immunity. 66 (8): 3698–3704. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 108404. PMID 9673251.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Norris, Steven J. (2014-12-01). "vls Antigenic Variation Systems of Lyme Disease Borrelia: Eluding Host Immunity through both Random, Segmental Gene Conversion and Framework Heterogeneity". Microbiology Spectrum. 2 (6). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0038-2014. ISSN 2165-0497. PMC 4480602. PMID 26104445.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ "IMG". img.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
- ^ Dolan, Marc C.; Hojgaard, Andrias; Hoxmeier, J. Charles; Replogle, Adam J.; Respicio-Kingry, Laurel B.; Sexton, Christopher; Williams, Martin A.; Pritt, Bobbi S.; Schriefer, Martin E. (2016-07-01). "Vector competence of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, for the recently recognized Lyme borreliosis spirochete Candidatus Borrelia mayonii". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 7 (5): 665–669. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.012.
- ^ a b c d "Borrelia mayonii". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
{{cite web}}: Text "CDC" ignored (help); Text "Ticks" ignored (help)
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